ELIZA

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324863 occurrences (No.63 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

3) Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test.

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PMID:34358049 DOI:10.3390/pathogens10070899

2021 Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

* A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids.

- West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa. The virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. The majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to WNV among African equids. Three bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched. Of 283 articles identified, only 16 satisfied all the inclusion criteria. Data were collated on study design and outcomes. The overall seroprevalence reported ranged from 17.4 to 90.3%, with 1998 (35%) of the 5746 horses, donkeys and mules having screened positive for WNV antibodies. Several articles determined that seroprevalence increased significantly with age. Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test. However, only eight studies tested against other flaviviruses, including Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron and yellow fever virus in one, Japanese encephalitis and Usutu virus (USUV) in one, tick-borne encephalitis and USUV in one and USUV only in three. Equids are regarded as useful sentinel animals for WNV, but variation in study design poses challenges when trying to determine risk factors for, and trends in, WNV seroprevalence.

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--- WordNet output for due --- =>1.予定の, 支払期日がきて, 当然支払われるべき, 2.支払[提出]期日, 満期日, 会費 Overview of noun due The noun due has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (4) due -- (that which is deserved or owed; "give the devil his due") 2. due -- (a payment that is due (e.g., as the price of membership); "the society dropped him for non-payment of dues") Overview of adj due The adj due has 4 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (6) due -- (owed and payable immediately or on demand; "payment is due") 2. (1) due -- (scheduled to arrive; "the train is due in 15 minutes") 3. due -- (suitable to or expected in the circumstances; "all due respect"; "due cause to honor them"; "a long due promotion"; "in due course"; "due esteem"; "exercising due care") 4. ascribable, due, imputable, referable -- (capable of being assigned or credited to; "punctuation errors ascribable to careless proofreading"; "the cancellation of the concert was due to the rain"; "the oversight was not imputable to him") Overview of adv due The adv due has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1. due -- (directly or exactly; straight; "went due North") --- WordNet end ---