* Cell surface engineering of microorganisms towards adsorption of heavy metals.
- Heavy metal contamination has become a worldwide environmental concern due to its toxicity, non-degradability and food-chain bioaccumulation. Conventional physical and chemical treatment methods for heavy metal removal have disadvantages such as cost-intensiveness, incomplete removal, secondary pollution and the lack of metal specificity. Microbial biomass-based biosorption is one of the approaches gaining increasing attention because it is effective, cheap, and environmental friendly and can work well at low concentrations. To enhance the adsorption properties of microbial cells to heavy metal ions, the cell surface display of various metal-binding proteins/peptides have been performed using a cell surface engineering approach. The surface engineering of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and yeast towards the adsorption of heavy metals are reviewed in this article. The problems and future perspectives of this technology are discussed.
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Overview of noun due
The noun due has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (4) due -- (that which is deserved or owed; "give the devil his due")
2. due -- (a payment that is due (e.g., as the price of membership); "the society dropped him for
non-payment of dues")
Overview of adj due
The adj due has 4 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (6) due -- (owed and payable immediately or on demand; "payment is due")
2. (1) due -- (scheduled to arrive; "the train is due in 15 minutes")
3. due -- (suitable to or expected in the circumstances; "all due respect"; "due cause to honor
them"; "a long due promotion"; "in due course"; "due esteem"; "exercising due care")
4. ascribable, due, imputable, referable -- (capable of being assigned or credited to; "punctuation
errors ascribable to careless proofreading"; "the cancellation of the concert was due to the rain";
"the oversight was not imputable to him")
Overview of adv due
The adv due has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts)
1. due -- (directly or exactly; straight; "went due North")
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