ELIZA

return kwic search for factors out of >500 occurrences
295043 occurrences (No.82 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

178) Alcohol misuse and smoking are risk factors for pneumonia, yet the impact of combined cigarette smoke and alcohol on pneumonia remains understudied.

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PMID:34186073 DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.06.007

2021 The American journal of pathology

* Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde Adduct Formation Decreases Immunoglobulin A Transport across Airway Epithelium in Smokers Who Abuse Alcohol.

- Alcohol misuse and smoking are risk factors for pneumonia, yet the impact of combined cigarette smoke and alcohol on pneumonia remains understudied. Smokers who misuse alcohol form lung malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) protein adducts and have decreased levels of anti-MAA secretory IgA (sIgA). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) down-regulates polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) on mucosal epithelium, resulting in decreased sIgA transcytosis to the mucosa. It is hypothesized that MAA-adducted lung protein increases TGF-β, preventing expression of epithelial cell pIgR and decreasing sIgA. Cigarette smoke and alcohol co-exposure on sIgA and TGF-β in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in mice instilled with MAA-adducted surfactant protein D (SPD-MAA) were studied herein. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and mouse tracheal epithelial cells were treated with SPD-MAA and sIgA and TGF-β was measured. Decreased sIgA and increased TGF-β were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage from combined alcohol and smoking groups in humans and mice. CD204 (MAA receptor) knockout mice showed no changes in sIgA. SPD-MAA decreased pIgR in HBECs. Conversely, SPD-MAA stimulated TGF-β release in both HBECs and mouse tracheal epithelial cells, but not in CD204 knockout mice. SPD-MAA stimulated TGF-β in alveolar macrophage cells. These data show that MAA-adducted surfactant protein stimulates lung epithelial cell TGF-β, down-regulates pIgR, and decreases sIgA transcytosis. These data provide a mechanism for the decreased levels of sIgA observed in smokers who misuse alcohol.

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(1)60 and	(12)8 related	(23)3 influence	(34)2 from
(2)55 null	(13)8 to	(24)3 is	(35)2 have
(3)41 that	(14)7 of	(25)3 relating	(36)2 impact
(4)31 for	(15)6 (e.g.,	(26)3 which	(37)2 involved
(5)29 associated	(16)6 contributing	(27)3 with	(38)2 shaping
(6)24 influencing	(17)5 on	(28)2 (including	(39)2 should
(7)20 were	(18)4 can	(29)2 (pre-COVID-19);	(40)2 using
(8)17 such	(19)4 like	(30)2 affecting	(41)2 varied
(9)15 in	(20)4 the	(31)2 and/or	(42)2 was
(10)11 are	(21)3 as	(32)2 at
(11)9 including	(22)3 included	(33)2 by

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--- WordNet output for factors --- Overview of noun factor The noun factor has 7 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (31) factor -- (anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome") 2. (8) component, constituent, element, factor, ingredient -- (an abstract part of something; "jealousy was a component of his character"; "two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony"; "the grammatical elements of a sentence"; "a key factor in her success"; "humor: an effective ingredient of a speech") 3. (4) divisor, factor -- (one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer; "what are the 4 factors of 6?") 4. (1) agent, factor, broker -- (a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission) 5. factor -- (any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together) 6. factor -- (an independent variable in statistics) 7. gene, cistron, factor -- ((genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors") Overview of verb factor The verb factor has 3 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (2) factor, factor in, factor out -- (resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15") 2. factor -- (be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a company's profitability") 3. factor, factor in, factor out -- (consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments") --- WordNet end ---