ELIZA

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378430 occurrences (No.48 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

132) First, we use the laws of physics and empirical studies to show how bicycle helmets afford substantial protection to the user.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:23760577 DOI:10.1136/medethics-2013-101476

2015 Journal of medical ethics

* In defence of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation: response to Hooper and Spicer.

- We invoke a triple rationale to rebut Hooper and Spicer's argument against mandatory helmet laws. First, we use the laws of physics and empirical studies to show how bicycle helmets afford substantial protection to the user. We show that Hooper and Spicer erroneously downplay helmet utility and that, as a result, their attack on the utilitarian argument for mandatory helmet laws is weakened. Next, we refute their claim that helmet legislation comprises unjustified paternalism. We show the healthcare costs of bareheaded riding to pose significant third party harms. It follows, we argue, that a utilitarian case for helmet laws can be sustained by appeal to Mill's Harm Principle. Finally, we reject Hooper and Spicer's claim that helmet laws unjustly penalise cyclists for their own health-affecting behaviour. Rather, we show their argument to suffer by disanalogy with medical cases where injustice may be more evident, for example, denial of bypass surgery to smokers. We conclude that mandatory helmet laws offer substantial utility and are entirely defensible within the framework of a liberal democracy.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

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[frequency of next (right) word to first]

(1)32 time	(19)5 meaningful	(37)2 5	(55)2 marriage
(2)21 report	(20)4 line	(38)2 6	(56)2 meta-analysis
(3)11 and	(21)3 14	(39)2 72	(57)2 mitochondrial
(4)11 to	(22)3 3	(40)2 application	(58)2 months
(5)10 time,	(23)3 complete	(41)2 approach	(59)2 myocardial
(6)9 year	(24)3 described	(42)2 article	(60)2 postnatal
(7)8 2	(25)3 in	(43)2 attempt	(61)2 presented
(8)8 molar	(26)3 it	(44)2 choice	(62)2 relapse
(9)8 reported	(27)3 order	(45)2 clinical	(63)2 smear
(10)8 step	(28)3 postoperative	(46)2 component	(64)2 stage
(11)8 we	(29)3 record	(47)2 comprehensive	(65)2 step,
(12)7 case	(30)3 sequenced	(48)2 concern	(66)2 test
(13)6 determined	(31)3 the	(49)2 course	(67)2 that
(14)6 group	(32)3 treatment	(50)2 demonstration	(68)2 therapy
(15)6 study	(33)3 two	(51)2 few	(69)2 trimester
(16)5 dose	(34)3 was	(52)2 intentions	(70)2 trimester,
(17)5 evidence	(35)2 null	(53)2 introduction	(71)2 using
(18)5 generation	(36)2 30	(54)2 left

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--- WordNet output for first --- =>初めて, 最初の, 第一の, はじめに, 最初, 第1 Overview of noun first The noun first has 6 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (9) first, number one -- (the first or highest in an ordering or series; "He wanted to be the first") 2. (5) first, number one, number 1 -- (the first element in a countable series; "the first of the month") 3. (1) beginning, commencement, first, outset, get-go, start, kickoff, starting time, showtime, offset -- (the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her") 4. (1) first base, first -- (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed at first of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate)) 5. first, first-class honours degree -- (an honours degree of the highest class) 6. first gear, first, low gear, low -- (the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; used to start a car moving) Overview of adj first The adj first has 6 senses (first 5 from tagged texts) 1. (232) first -- (preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; "his first political race"; "her first baby"; "the first time"; "the first meetings of the new party"; "the first phase of his training") 2. (61) first, 1st -- (indicating the beginning unit in a series) 3. (4) inaugural, initiative, initiatory, first, maiden -- (serving to set in motion; "the magazine's inaugural issue"; "the initiative phase in the negotiations"; "an initiatory step toward a treaty"; "his first (or maiden) speech in Congress"; "the liner's maiden voyage") 4. (4) beginning, first -- (serving to begin; "the beginning canto of the poem"; "the first verse") 5. (3) first, foremost, world-class -- (ranking above all others; "was first in her class"; "the foremost figure among marine artists"; "the top graduate") 6. first -- (highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections; "first soprano"; "the first violin section"; "played first horn") Overview of adv first The adv first has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (58) first, firstly, foremost, first of all, first off -- (before anything else; "first we must consider the garter snake") 2. (40) first, for the first time -- (the initial time; "when Felix first saw a garter snake") 3. (9) first -- (before another in time, space, or importance; "I was here first"; "let's do this job first") 4. (4) foremost, first -- (prominently forward; "he put his best foot foremost") --- WordNet end ---