ELIZA

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378430 occurrences (No.48 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

159) West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa.

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PMID:34358049 DOI:10.3390/pathogens10070899

2021 Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

* A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids.

- West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa. The virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. The majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to WNV among African equids. Three bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched. Of 283 articles identified, only 16 satisfied all the inclusion criteria. Data were collated on study design and outcomes. The overall seroprevalence reported ranged from 17.4 to 90.3%, with 1998 (35%) of the 5746 horses, donkeys and mules having screened positive for WNV antibodies. Several articles determined that seroprevalence increased significantly with age. Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test. However, only eight studies tested against other flaviviruses, including Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron and yellow fever virus in one, Japanese encephalitis and Usutu virus (USUV) in one, tick-borne encephalitis and USUV in one and USUV only in three. Equids are regarded as useful sentinel animals for WNV, but variation in study design poses challenges when trying to determine risk factors for, and trends in, WNV seroprevalence.

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(1)23 time	(17)5 reported	(35)3 two	(52)2 pandemic
(2)21 to	(18)4 6	(36)3 used	(53)2 part
(3)13 treatment	(19)4 attendance,	(37)3 years	(54)2 place
(4)12 step	(20)4 few	(38)2 2	(55)2 post-operative
(5)11 and	(21)4 responders	(40)2 Aid	(56)2 psychosis
(6)11 study	(23)3 3	(41)2 a	(57)2 quarter
(7)11 time,	(25)3 attendance	(42)2 attempt	(58)2 responders,
(8)10 we	(26)3 author,	(43)2 author	(59)2 review
(9)8 aid	(27)3 evidence	(44)2 confirmed	(60)2 round
(10)7 Affiliated	(28)3 in	(45)2 define	(61)2 six
(11)6 line	(29)3 kinetics	(46)2 detected	(62)2 third,
(12)6 report	(30)3 of	(47)2 dose,	(63)2 three
(13)6 scoping	(31)3 phase	(48)2 edition	(64)2 treatment,
(14)6 stage	(32)3 set	(49)2 hour	(65)2 visit
(15)6 year	(33)3 stage,	(50)2 it	(66)2 wave
(16)5 identified	(34)3 systematic	(51)2 list

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--- WordNet output for first --- =>初めて, 最初の, 第一の, はじめに, 最初, 第1 Overview of noun first The noun first has 6 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (9) first, number one -- (the first or highest in an ordering or series; "He wanted to be the first") 2. (5) first, number one, number 1 -- (the first element in a countable series; "the first of the month") 3. (1) beginning, commencement, first, outset, get-go, start, kickoff, starting time, showtime, offset -- (the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her") 4. (1) first base, first -- (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed at first of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate)) 5. first, first-class honours degree -- (an honours degree of the highest class) 6. first gear, first, low gear, low -- (the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; used to start a car moving) Overview of adj first The adj first has 6 senses (first 5 from tagged texts) 1. (232) first -- (preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; "his first political race"; "her first baby"; "the first time"; "the first meetings of the new party"; "the first phase of his training") 2. (61) first, 1st -- (indicating the beginning unit in a series) 3. (4) inaugural, initiative, initiatory, first, maiden -- (serving to set in motion; "the magazine's inaugural issue"; "the initiative phase in the negotiations"; "an initiatory step toward a treaty"; "his first (or maiden) speech in Congress"; "the liner's maiden voyage") 4. (4) beginning, first -- (serving to begin; "the beginning canto of the poem"; "the first verse") 5. (3) first, foremost, world-class -- (ranking above all others; "was first in her class"; "the foremost figure among marine artists"; "the top graduate") 6. first -- (highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections; "first soprano"; "the first violin section"; "played first horn") Overview of adv first The adv first has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (58) first, firstly, foremost, first of all, first off -- (before anything else; "first we must consider the garter snake") 2. (40) first, for the first time -- (the initial time; "when Felix first saw a garter snake") 3. (9) first -- (before another in time, space, or importance; "I was here first"; "let's do this job first") 4. (4) foremost, first -- (prominently forward; "he put his best foot foremost") --- WordNet end ---