* Role of apoptosis in mediating diclofenac-induced teratogenesis: An in vitro approach.
- Diclofenac (DCF) is among the most commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide for the treatment of various conditions in postpubertal women. However, very limited information is available regarding its safety during pregnancy and teratogenecity. The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of DCF on the developing rat embryos during the major organogenesis period and investigate the critical role of apoptosis in bringing about these congenital anomalies. Embryos were exposed in vitro to various concentrations of DCF, that is, 0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 µg/ml for 24 h, respectively, and examined for the growth and differentiation at the end of the culture period for the presence of any specific malformations. Growth and developmental parameters such as weight of embryos, crown-rump length and number of somites were found to be lower in the embryos exposed to high concentrations of DCF (7.5 and 15.0 μg/ml) when compared with the untreated control. However, no significant difference in growth parameters was found between embryos exposed to 3.75 µg/ml and the control group. In parallel to this, flow cytometric analysis and DNA quantitation of cultured rat embryos were performed to verify the involvement of apoptosis in mediating DCF-induced teratogenesis. A concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis in embryos suggests a possible engagement of apoptosis in the role of DCF as a teratogenic agent. A detailed analysis of the actual effect of DCF on cellular apoptotic machinery necessitates further evaluation.
=>1.さらにずっと, さらに先に, 一層遠く, その上, 更に, もっと遠い, なお一層の, さらに遠く,
もっと先に, いっそうはるかに, さらにまた, さらになお(furthermore), 2.進める, 助成する, 促進する
Overview of verb further
The verb further has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (7) foster, further -- (promote the growth of; "Foster our children's well-being and education")
2. (2) promote, advance, boost, further, encourage -- (contribute to the progress or growth of; "I
am promoting the use of computers in the classroom")
Overview of adj further
The adj further has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (2) further, farther -- (more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the
truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations")
Overview of adv further
The adv further has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (33) further, farther -- (to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further'
is used more often than `farther' in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about
the future"; "let's not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are
further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended
farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies")
2. (10) further -- (in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he
would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already")
3. (1) farther, further -- (to or at a greater distance in time or space (`farther' is used more
frequently than `further' in this physical sense); "farther north"; "moved farther away"; "farther
down the corridor"; "the practice may go back still farther to the Druids"; "went only three miles
further"; "further in the future")
Overview of adv far
The adv far has 5 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (61) far -- (to a considerable degree; very much; "a far far better thing that I do"; "felt far
worse than yesterday"; "eyes far too close together")
2. (39) far -- (at or to or from a great distance in space; "he traveled far"; "strayed far from
home"; "sat far away from each other")
3. (22) far -- (at or to a certain point or degree; "I can only go so far before I have to give up";
"how far can we get with this kind of argument?")
4. (3) far -- (remote in time; "if we could see far into the future"; "all that happened far in the
past")
5. far -- (to an advanced stage or point; "a young man who will go very far")
--- WordNet end ---