- The mammillary bodies (MBs) are classically defined as a pair of small round structures located on the undersurface of the diencephalon. The systematic observation of MR brain images of patients with neurological diseases, but also of healthy subjects enrolled in research protocols, reveals, however, a greater anatomical variability. The aim of the present study was to define the spectrum of such variability using spatial normalized 3D TFE T1-weighted MR images in a group of 151 healthy right-handed young subjects (78 females, age range 16-39 years). The MBs were identified on reformatted coronal and axial images and classified according to morphological, positional and numerical criteria. On the basis of coronal images, MBs were first divided into symmetrical (86.1 %) and asymmetrical (13.9 %), depending on their respective height. Symmetrical MBs were further subdivided into three variants [type A (2.7 %), B (76.2 %), C (7.3 %)] according to the depth of the intermammillary sulcus. Two morphological variants were defined on axial images, depending on whether the MBs were circular (63.6 %) or elliptic (36.4 %). This latter group was further divided in two subgroups, depending on whether the MBs were parallel (21.9 %) or convergent (14.6 %). Finally, two subjects (1.3 %) presented a supernumeral MB. The transverse size of the third ventricle was greater in the type A compared to the type B and C groups. Gender did not significantly affect the frequency of MBs variants, except for the three symmetrical subgroups in which the variants A and C were more frequent in males than in females. These findings suggest the presence of an anatomical variability of the MBs, in contrast to their classical definition. Therefore, atypical presentation of MBs can be the expression of this variability rather than a marker of neurological disorders (i.e. cerebral malformation, mesial temporal sclerosis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome).
=>1.さらにずっと, さらに先に, 一層遠く, その上, 更に, もっと遠い, なお一層の, さらに遠く,
もっと先に, いっそうはるかに, さらにまた, さらになお(furthermore), 2.進める, 助成する, 促進する
Overview of verb further
The verb further has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (7) foster, further -- (promote the growth of; "Foster our children's well-being and education")
2. (2) promote, advance, boost, further, encourage -- (contribute to the progress or growth of; "I
am promoting the use of computers in the classroom")
Overview of adj further
The adj further has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (2) further, farther -- (more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the
truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations")
Overview of adv further
The adv further has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (33) further, farther -- (to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further'
is used more often than `farther' in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about
the future"; "let's not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are
further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended
farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies")
2. (10) further -- (in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he
would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already")
3. (1) farther, further -- (to or at a greater distance in time or space (`farther' is used more
frequently than `further' in this physical sense); "farther north"; "moved farther away"; "farther
down the corridor"; "the practice may go back still farther to the Druids"; "went only three miles
further"; "further in the future")
Overview of adv far
The adv far has 5 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (61) far -- (to a considerable degree; very much; "a far far better thing that I do"; "felt far
worse than yesterday"; "eyes far too close together")
2. (39) far -- (at or to or from a great distance in space; "he traveled far"; "strayed far from
home"; "sat far away from each other")
3. (22) far -- (at or to a certain point or degree; "I can only go so far before I have to give up";
"how far can we get with this kind of argument?")
4. (3) far -- (remote in time; "if we could see far into the future"; "all that happened far in the
past")
5. far -- (to an advanced stage or point; "a young man who will go very far")
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