* Manure Microbial Communities and Resistance Profiles Reconfigure after Transition to Manure Pits and Differ from Those in Fertilized Field Soil.
- In agricultural settings, microbes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) have the potential to be transferred across diverse environments and ecosystems. The consequences of these microbial transfers are unclear and understudied. On dairy farms, the storage of cow manure in manure pits and subsequent application to field soil as a fertilizer may facilitate the spread of the mammalian gut microbiome and its associated ARGs to the environment. To determine the extent of both taxonomic and resistance similarity during these transitions, we collected fresh manure, manure from pits, and field soil across 15 different dairy farms for three consecutive seasons. We used a combination of shotgun metagenomic sequencing and functional metagenomics to quantitatively interrogate taxonomic and ARG compositional variation on farms. We found that as the microbiome transitions from fresh dairy cow manure to manure pits, microbial taxonomic compositions and resistance profiles experience distinct restructuring, including decreases in alpha diversity and shifts in specific ARG abundances that potentially correspond to fresh manure going from a gut-structured community to an environment-structured community. Further, we did not find evidence of shared microbial community or a transfer of ARGs between manure and field soil microbiomes. Our results suggest that fresh manure experiences a compositional change in manure pits during storage and that the storage of manure in manure pits does not result in a depletion of ARGs. We did not find evidence of taxonomic or ARG restructuring of soil microbiota with the application of manure to field soils, as soil communities remained resilient to manure-induced perturbation.IMPORTANCE The addition of dairy cow manure-stored in manure pits-to field soil has the potential to introduce not only organic nutrients but also mammalian microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) to soil communities. Using shotgun sequencing paired with functional metagenomics, we showed that microbial community composition changed between fresh manure and manure pit samples with a decrease in gut-associated pathobionts, while ARG abundance and diversity remained high. However, field soil communities were distinct from those in manure in both microbial taxonomic and ARG composition. These results broaden our understanding of the transfer of microbial communities in agricultural settings and suggest that field soil microbial communities are resilient against the deposition of ARGs or microbial communities from manure.
=>1.さらにずっと, さらに先に, 一層遠く, その上, 更に, もっと遠い, なお一層の, さらに遠く,
もっと先に, いっそうはるかに, さらにまた, さらになお(furthermore), 2.進める, 助成する, 促進する
Overview of verb further
The verb further has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (7) foster, further -- (promote the growth of; "Foster our children's well-being and education")
2. (2) promote, advance, boost, further, encourage -- (contribute to the progress or growth of; "I
am promoting the use of computers in the classroom")
Overview of adj further
The adj further has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (2) further, farther -- (more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the
truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations")
Overview of adv further
The adv further has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (33) further, farther -- (to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further'
is used more often than `farther' in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about
the future"; "let's not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are
further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended
farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies")
2. (10) further -- (in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he
would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already")
3. (1) farther, further -- (to or at a greater distance in time or space (`farther' is used more
frequently than `further' in this physical sense); "farther north"; "moved farther away"; "farther
down the corridor"; "the practice may go back still farther to the Druids"; "went only three miles
further"; "further in the future")
Overview of adv far
The adv far has 5 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (61) far -- (to a considerable degree; very much; "a far far better thing that I do"; "felt far
worse than yesterday"; "eyes far too close together")
2. (39) far -- (at or to or from a great distance in space; "he traveled far"; "strayed far from
home"; "sat far away from each other")
3. (22) far -- (at or to a certain point or degree; "I can only go so far before I have to give up";
"how far can we get with this kind of argument?")
4. (3) far -- (remote in time; "if we could see far into the future"; "all that happened far in the
past")
5. far -- (to an advanced stage or point; "a young man who will go very far")
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