* Lumpy Skin Disease in Jordan: Disease Emergence, Clinical Signs, Complications and Preliminary-associated Economic Losses.
- The objectives of this study are to report the emergence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Jordan and associated clinical signs, complications and preliminary economic losses. In mid-April, 2013, two adult dairy cattle developed clinical signs suggestive of LSD and were confirmed as positive by PCR. The two cases were in Bani Kenanah district, Irbid governorate, on the Jordanian border of Israel and Syria. The disease spread rapidly to all the districts of Irbid governorate. During the month following the emergence of the disease, data were collected related to the epidemiology of the disease and the numbers of affected cattle on the premises. Forty-one dairy cattle holdings were surveyed. The morbidity rate ranged from 3% to 100%, (Mean = 35.1%, SD ±28.5%). The mortality rate ranged from 0% to 20%, (Mean = 1.3%, SD ±4.4%). The case fatality rate ranged from 0% to 100%, (Mean = 6.2%, SD ±22%). The overall morbidity rate was 26%, mortality rate 1.9% and case fatality rate 7.5%. Skin nodules, anorexia, decreased milk production and decreased body weight were common clinical signs, while mastitis and myiasis were seen as complications in a few affected animals. Decreased body weight ranged from 0% to 80%, (Mean = 23.1%, SD ±15.7%). Decreased milk production ranged from 0% to 100%, (Mean = 51.5%, SD ±22.2%). Affected cattle were treated mainly with broad-spectrum antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The cost of treatment ranged from 0 to 84.3 British Pound/animal, (Mean = 27.9 GBP, SD ±22.5 GBP). LSD continues to spread through the Middle East region and poses a serious threat to the rest of Asia and Europe. International collaboration and communication is warranted to prevent the further spread of the disease to the rest of Asia and Europe.
=>1.さらにずっと, さらに先に, 一層遠く, その上, 更に, もっと遠い, なお一層の, さらに遠く,
もっと先に, いっそうはるかに, さらにまた, さらになお(furthermore), 2.進める, 助成する, 促進する
Overview of verb further
The verb further has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (7) foster, further -- (promote the growth of; "Foster our children's well-being and education")
2. (2) promote, advance, boost, further, encourage -- (contribute to the progress or growth of; "I
am promoting the use of computers in the classroom")
Overview of adj further
The adj further has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (2) further, farther -- (more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the
truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations")
Overview of adv further
The adv further has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (33) further, farther -- (to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further'
is used more often than `farther' in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about
the future"; "let's not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are
further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended
farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies")
2. (10) further -- (in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he
would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already")
3. (1) farther, further -- (to or at a greater distance in time or space (`farther' is used more
frequently than `further' in this physical sense); "farther north"; "moved farther away"; "farther
down the corridor"; "the practice may go back still farther to the Druids"; "went only three miles
further"; "further in the future")
Overview of adv far
The adv far has 5 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (61) far -- (to a considerable degree; very much; "a far far better thing that I do"; "felt far
worse than yesterday"; "eyes far too close together")
2. (39) far -- (at or to or from a great distance in space; "he traveled far"; "strayed far from
home"; "sat far away from each other")
3. (22) far -- (at or to a certain point or degree; "I can only go so far before I have to give up";
"how far can we get with this kind of argument?")
4. (3) far -- (remote in time; "if we could see far into the future"; "all that happened far in the
past")
5. far -- (to an advanced stage or point; "a young man who will go very far")
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