* NUDT15 variants confer high incidence of second malignancies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
- The effect of genetic variation on second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) remains unclear. First, we identified the pathogenic germline variants in cancer-predisposing genes among 15 children with SMNs after childhood leukemia/lymphoma using whole-exome sequencing. Because the prevalence was low, we focused on the association between SMNs and NUDT15 in primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. NUDT15 is one of the 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) metabolic genes, and its variants are common in East Asian individuals. The prevalence of NUDT15 hypomorphic variants was higher in patients with SMNs (n = 14; 42.9%) than in the general population in the gnomAD database (19.7%; P = .042). In the validation study with a cohort of 438 unselected patients with ALL, the cumulative incidence of SMNs was significantly higher among those with (3.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6% to 9.4%) than among those without NUDT15 variants (0.3%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 1.5%; P = .045). The 6-MP dose administered to patients with ALL with a NUDT15 variant was higher than that given to those without SMNs (P = .045). The 6-MP-related mutational signature was observed in SMN specimens after 6-MP exposure. In cells exposed to 6-MP, a higher level of 6-MP induced DNA damage in NUDT15-knockdown induced pluripotent stem cells. Our study indicates that NUDT15 variants may confer a risk of SMNs after treatment with 6-MP in patients with ALL.
=>幹部, おえら方
Overview of adj higher
The adj higher has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (10) higher -- (advanced in complexity or elaboration; "higher finance"; "higher mathematics")
2. (1) higher -- (of education beyond the secondary level; "higher education"; "higher learning")
Overview of adj high
The adj high has 7 senses (first 5 from tagged texts)
1. (134) high -- (greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "a high temperature"; "a
high price"; "the high point of his career"; "high risks"; "has high hopes"; "the river is high";
"he has a high opinion of himself")
2. (51) high -- ((literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or
upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high'); "a high mountain"; "high
ceilings"; "high buildings"; "a high forehead"; "a high incline"; "a foot high")
3. (10) eminent, high -- (standing above others in quality or position; "people in high places";
"the high priest"; "eminent members of the community")
4. (7) high, high-pitched -- (used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency)
5. (2) high, in high spirits -- (happy and excited and energetic)
6. gamey, gamy, high -- ((used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted)
7. high, mellow -- (slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially
marijuana))
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