* The effect of occupational lead exposure on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and plasma viscosity.
- The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of occupational lead (Pb) exposure on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and plasma viscosity in workers. The examined group included 283 healthy male employees of manufacturing facilities using zinc and Pb. The mean blood concentrations of Pb and zinc protoporphyrin as well as the mean urine δ-aminolevulinic acid levels were used as markers of exposure for the examined group. Taking into account the obtained mean values of blood lead level, the examined group was divided into three subgroups. When comparing the control group with the subgroups, Pb exposure markers were significantly elevated in all the three subgroups. Concentrations of conjugated dienes (CD), lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl groups were also significantly increased. Conversely, the levels of total protein and protein sulfhydryls were significantly decreased in the subgroups compared with the controls. The plasma viscosity was significantly elevated in the subgroups. A dose-response between Pb levels and plasma viscosity was not observed. Pb supposedly elevates MDA and CD in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, occupational Pb exposure induces oxidative stress that results in lipid and protein damage. Moreover, Pb-induced oxidative stress is likely the primary factor that elevates plasma viscosity, despite decreased protein levels.
Overview of noun level
The noun level has 8 senses (first 6 from tagged texts)
1. (69) degree, grade, level -- (a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; "a
moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree")
2. (22) grade, level, tier -- (a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; "lumber of
the highest grade")
3. (15) degree, level, stage, point -- (a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or
especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social
sciences?")
4. (5) level -- (height above ground; "the water reached ankle level"; "the pictures were at the
same level")
5. (1) level, spirit level -- (indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered
in a tube of liquid)
6. (1) horizontal surface, level -- (a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line; "park the car
on the level")
7. level, layer, stratum -- (an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; "a good actor
communicates on several levels"; "a simile has at least two layers of meaning"; "the mind functions
on many strata simultaneously")
8. floor, level, storey, story -- (a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single
position along a vertical scale; "what level is the office on?")
Overview of verb level
The verb level has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (4) level -- (aim at; "level criticism or charges at somebody")
2. (1) level, raze, rase, dismantle, tear down, take down, pull down -- (tear down so as to make
flat with the ground; "The building was levelled")
3. (1) flush, level, even out, even -- (make level or straight; "level the ground")
4. charge, level, point -- (direct into a position for use; "point a gun"; "He charged his weapon at
me")
5. level -- (talk frankly with; lay it on the line; "I have to level with you")
6. level, level off -- (become level or even; "The ground levelled off")
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