ELIZA

return kwic search for low out of >500 occurrences
318584 occurrences (No.68 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

142) Second, we found that a concentration as low as 0.5 g/ml of indocyanine green dissolved in plasma was detectable.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:24354756 DOI:10.7785/tcrt.2012.500400

2015 Technology in cancer research & treatment

* Small portable interchangeable imager of fluorescence for fluorescence guided surgery and research.

- Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) is a developing field of surgical and oncologic research. Practically, FGS has shown useful applications in urologic surgery, benign biliary surgery, colorectal cancer liver metastasis resection, and ovarian cancer debulking. Most notably in in cancer surgery, FGS allows for the clear delineation of cancerous tissue from benign tissue. FGS requires the utilization of a fluorescent contrast agent and an intraoperative fluorescence imaging device (IFID). Currently available IFIDs are expensive, unable to work with multiple fluorophores, and can be cumbersome. This study aims to describe the development and utility of a small, cost-efficient, and interchangeable IFID made from commercially available components. Extensive research was done to design and construct a light-weight, portable, and cost-effective IFID. We researched the capabilities, size, and cost of several camera types and eventually decided on a near-infrared (NIR) charged couple device (CCD) camera for its overall profile. The small portable interchangeable imager of fluorescence (SPIIF) is a "scout" IFID system for FGS. The main components of the SPIIF are a NIR CCD camera with an articulating light filter. These components and a LED light source with an attached heat sink are mounted on a small metal platform. The system is connected to a laptop by a USB 2.0 cable. Pixielink © software on the laptop runs the system by controlling exposure time, gain, and image capture. After developing the system, we evaluated its utility as an IFID. The system weighs less than two pounds and can cover a large area. Due to its small size, it is easily made sterile by covering it with any sterile plastic sheet. To determine the system's ability to detect fluorescent signal, we used the SPIIF to detect indocyanine green under ex and in-vivo conditions and fluorescein under ex-vivo conditions. We found the SPIIF was able to detect both ICG and fluorescein under different depths of a semi-opaque colloid. Second, we found that a concentration as low as 0.5 g/ml of indocyanine green dissolved in plasma was detectable. Lastly, in a murine and human cancer model, the SPIIF was able to detect indocyanine green signal within tumors and generate a signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of 3.75. This study shows that a low-cost IFID can be made from commercially available parts. Second, this IFID is capable of in and ex-vivo detection of multiple fluorophores without sacrificing its small size or favorable ergonomics.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

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(1)21 and	(18)4 or	(35)2 Chilean	(52)2 energy
(2)19 laser	(19)4 socioeconomic	(36)2 HLB	(53)2 families
(3)11 doses	(20)3 Er:YAG	(37)2 OAs	(54)2 genetic
(4)11 levels	(21)3 O2	(38)2 acculturation	(55)2 group
(5)10 null	(22)3 PFR	(39)2 activities	(56)2 maternal
(6)10 cost	(23)3 PbB	(40)2 activity	(57)2 method
(7)10 lipoprotein	(24)3 STT	(41)2 after	(58)2 molecular
(8)8 back	(25)3 concentrations	(42)2 areas	(59)2 oral
(9)8 birth	(26)3 educational	(43)2 at	(60)2 pH
(10)8 dose	(27)3 features	(44)2 bioavailability	(61)2 peer
(11)7 in	(28)3 risk	(45)2 body	(62)2 population
(12)7 level	(29)3 serum	(46)2 cancer	(63)2 radiation
(13)6 birthweight	(30)3 shear	(47)2 children	(64)2 resilience
(14)5 but	(31)3 tumours	(48)2 coverage	(65)2 running
(15)4 as	(32)3 vagal	(49)2 degree	(66)2 sensitivity
(16)4 carbon	(33)3 water	(50)2 density	(67)2 settings
(17)4 income	(34)3 whole-body	(51)2 education	(68)2 temperature

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--- WordNet output for low --- =>安い, 低いところ, 卑劣に, 粗食で, 低い(もの), 弱い, 粗末な, 乏しい, 衿ぐりが深い, 建物の低い, 下劣な, 低級な Overview of noun low The noun low has 4 senses (no senses from tagged texts) 1. low, depression -- (an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow") 2. Low, David Low, Sir David Low, Sir David Alexander Cecil Low -- (British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963)) 3. low -- (a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low") 4. first gear, first, low gear, low -- (the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; used to start a car moving) Overview of verb low The verb low has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1. moo, low -- (make a low noise, characteristic of bovines) Overview of adj low The adj low has 10 senses (first 6 from tagged texts) 1. (55) low -- (less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low") 2. (23) low -- (literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow") 3. (11) low, low-toned -- (very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf") 4. (6) low -- (unrefined in character; "low comedy") 5. (4) low, low-pitched -- (used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency) 6. (3) abject, low, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy -- (of the most contemptible kind; "abject cowardice"; "a low stunt to pull"; "a low-down sneak"; "his miserable treatment of his family"; "You miserable skunk!"; "a scummy rabble"; "a scurvy trick") 7. humble, low, lowly, modest, small -- (low or inferior in station or quality; "a humble cottage"; "a lowly parish priest"; "a modest man of the people"; "small beginnings") 8. depleted, low -- (no longer sufficient; "supplies are low"; "our funds are depleted") 9. broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated, low -- (subdued or brought low in condition or status; "brought low"; "a broken man"; "his broken spirit") 10. gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down, downcast, downhearted, down in the mouth, low, low-spirited -- (filled with melancholy and despondency ; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and downhearted") Overview of adv low The adv low has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (3) low -- (in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low") --- WordNet end ---