* "Use it or lose it": characterization, implications, and mitigation of female infertility in captive wildlife.
- Zoos and other ex situ wildlife institutions can play an important role in species conservation by maintaining populations for education and research, as sources for potential re-introduction or reinforcement, and as ambassadors for financial support of in situ conservation. However, many regional zoo associations are realizing that current captive populations are unsustainable, with many programs failing to meet demographic and genetic goals to ensure long-term viability. Constraints on population size due to limited space often mandate delayed and/or less frequent breeding, but for females of many species this can have profound effects on fertility. A retrospective analysis combined with published literature and reliable anecdotal reports reveals that, when females are housed in a non-breeding situation for extended periods of time, reproductive changes that negatively impact fertility have occurred in multiple species, including canids, elephants, white rhinoceros, Seba's bats, wildebeest, stingrays, and some felid species. Competing space needs and changing interest in taxa for exhibits over time compound the problem. Counter strategies to breed early and often have their own demographic and genetic consequences as well as logistical and political implications. Strategies to mitigate the sustainability crisis in these taxa might include a mixed strategy in which young, genetically valuable females are bred earlier and at more regular intervals to ensure reproductive success, in combination with the judicious use of available tools to manage the number of offspring produced, including contraception and culling. An understanding of the issues at stake is the first step towards developing management strategies for sustainable populations.
=>1.超えて, 一面に, 移って, 始めから終わりまで, 終わって, を支配して, の間, しながら, 倒れて, の上に,
を覆って, を越えて, の向こう側に, より多く, 2.もう一度, 繰り返して
Overview of noun over
The noun over has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts)
1. over -- ((cricket) the division of play during which six balls are bowled at the batsman by one
player from the other team from the same end of the pitch)
Overview of adj over
The adj over has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (21) complete, concluded, ended, over, all over, terminated -- (having come or been brought to a
conclusion; "the harvesting was complete"; "the affair is over, ended, finished"; "the abruptly
terminated interview")
Overview of adv over
The adv over has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (23) over -- (at or to a point across intervening space etc.; "come over and see us some time";
"over there")
2. (2) over -- (throughout an area; "he is known the world over")
3. (1) over, o'er -- (throughout a period of time; "stay over the weekend")
4. over -- (beyond the top or upper surface or edge; forward from an upright position; "a roof that
hangs over";)
5. all over, over -- (over the entire area; "the wallpaper was covered all over with flowers"; "she
ached all over"; "everything was dusted over with a fine layer of soot")
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