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1057411 occurrences (No.2 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

83) Anaesthesiologists adjust drug dosing, administration system and kind of drug to the characteristics of the patient.

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PMID:24251846 DOI:10.1111/bcp.12286

2015 British journal of clinical pharmacology

* Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling in anaesthesia.

- Anaesthesiologists adjust drug dosing, administration system and kind of drug to the characteristics of the patient. They then observe the expected response and adjust dosing to the specific requirements according to the difference between observed response, expected response and the context of the surgery and the patient. The approach above can be achieved because on one hand quantification technology has made significant advances allowing the anaesthesiologist to measure almost any effect by using noninvasive, continuous measuring systems. On the other the knowledge on the relations between dosing, concentration, biophase dynamics and effect as well as detection of variability sources has been achieved as being the benchmark specialty for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling. The aim of the review is to revisit the most common PKPD models applied in the field of anaesthesia (i.e. effect compartmental, turnover, drug-receptor binding and drug interaction models) through representative examples. The effect compartmental model has been widely used in this field and there are multiple applications and examples. The use of turnover models has been limited mainly to describe respiratory effects. Similarly, cases in which the dissociation process of the drug-receptor complex is slow compared with other processes relevant to the time course of the anaesthetic effect are not frequent in anaesthesia, where in addition to a rapid onset, a fast offset of the response is required. With respect to the characterization of PD drug interactions different response surface models are discussed. Relevant applications that have changed the way modern anaesthesia is practiced are also provided.

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(1)52 with	(17)4 MSCs	(33)3 subsequently	(49)2 motivation
(2)30 was	(18)4 education	(34)2 Education	(50)2 of
(3)20 null	(19)4 presenting	(35)2 achieved	(51)2 outcome
(4)18 and	(20)4 required	(36)2 age	(52)2 pain
(5)15 had	(21)4 safety	(37)2 as	(53)2 population
(6)12 who	(22)4 to	(38)2 assessment	(54)2 population,
(7)11 care	(23)4 were	(39)2 being	(55)2 received
(8)7 is	(24)3 characteristics	(40)2 can	(56)2 remained
(9)7 survival	(25)3 comfort	(41)2 computational	(57)2 remains
(10)7 underwent	(26)3 died	(42)2 data	(58)2 reported
(11)6 developed	(27)3 group	(43)2 days	(59)2 response
(12)6 outcomes	(28)3 information	(44)2 empowerment	(60)2 responses
(13)6 satisfaction	(29)3 life	(45)2 factors,	(61)2 symptoms
(14)5 groups	(30)3 on	(46)2 for	(62)2 the
(15)5 in	(31)3 postoperative	(47)2 immunomigration
(16)5 presented	(32)3 referral	(48)2 including

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--- WordNet output for patient --- =>がまん強い, 忍耐強い, 辛抱強い, 根気よく働く, 患者, 病人, 忠者 Overview of noun patient The noun patient has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (73) patient -- (a person who requires medical care; "the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly") 2. affected role, patient role, patient -- (the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause) Overview of adj patient The adj patient has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (3) patient -- (enduring trying circumstances with even temper or characterized by such endurance; "a patient smile"; "was patient with the children"; "an exact and patient scientist"; "please be patient") --- WordNet end ---