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return kwic search for rate out of >500 occurrences
286534 occurrences (No.87 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]
311) Furthermore, the rate constants for the reaction of IEPOX under cloud-relevant conditions are up to one order of magnitude lower than reported in the literature for aerosol-relevant conditions due to markedly different solution activity.
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PMID:40290487 DOI:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00293
2021 ACS earth & space chemistry
* Organosulfates from Dark Aqueous Reactions of Isoprene-Derived Epoxydiols Under Cloud and Fog Conditions: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Effect of Reaction Environment on Regioselectivity of Sulfate Addition.
- Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene yields large quantities of highly water-soluble isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) that partition into fogs, clouds, and wet aerosols. In aqueous aerosols, acid-catalyzed ring-opening of IEPOX followed by nucleophilic addition of inorganic sulfate or water forms organosulfates and 2-methyltetrols, respectively, contributing substantially to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, the fate of IEPOX in clouds, fogs and evaporating hydrometeors is not well understood. Here we investigate the rates, product branching ratios, and stereochemistry of organosulfates from reactions of dilute IEPOX (5 to 10 mM) under a range of sulfate concentrations (0.3 to 50 mM) and pH values (1.83-3.38) in order to better understand the fate of IEPOX in clouds and fogs. From these aqueous dark reactions of β-IEPOX isomers (trans- and cis-2-methyl-2,3-epoxybutane-1,4-diols), which are the predominant IEPOX isomers, products were identified and quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in negative ion mode (HILIC/(-)ESI-HR-QTOFMS). We found that regiochemistry and stereochemistry were affected by pH and the tertiary methyltetrol sulfate (C5H12O7S) was promoted by increasing solution acidity. Furthermore, the rate constants for the reaction of IEPOX under cloud-relevant conditions are up to one order of magnitude lower than reported in the literature for aerosol-relevant conditions due to markedly different solution activity. Nevertheless, the contribution of cloud and fog water reactions to IEPOX SOA may be significant in cases of lower aqueous-phase pH (model estimate) or during droplet evaporation (not studied).
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(1)172 of (10)5 that (19)3 step (28)2 increased
(2)40 and (11)5 the (20)2 (ESR), (29)2 it
(3)32 was (12)4 (HR), (21)2 (RMR) (30)2 lactate,
(4)31 *null* (13)4 among (22)2 after (31)2 or
(5)24 in (14)4 discrimination (23)2 at (32)2 respiratory
(6)8 variability (15)4 is (24)2 attributable (33)2 to
(7)6 constants (16)4 were (25)2 between (34)2 top
(8)6 for (17)3 enzyme (26)2 constant (35)2 which
(9)5 (HR) (18)3 on (27)2 equations

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--- WordNet output for rate --- =>価格を評定する, 割合, 率, 歩合, 料金, 値段, 相場, 速度, 度合, 人を〜を思う, みなす, 価値がある, 人を〜とみなす, 科金, 評価する Overview of noun rate The noun rate has 4 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (68) rate -- (a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected") 2. (39) rate, charge per unit -- (amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5") 3. (1) pace, rate -- (the relative speed of progress or change; "he lived at a fast pace"; "he works at a great rate"; "the pace of events accelerated") 4. rate -- (a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate") Overview of verb rate The verb rate has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (9) rate, rank, range, order, grade, place -- (assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide") 2. (2) rate -- (be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly") 3. (1) rate, value -- (estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans") --- WordNet end ---