ELIZA

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286534 occurrences (No.87 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

414) We used behavioral performance in an unpredictable operant conditioning paradigm for food reinforcement (variable interval 15) and performance in a differential-reinforcement of low rate (DRL-60s) responding as determinants for impulsivity.

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PMID:24464354 DOI:10.1002/ab.21527

2015 Aggressive behavior

* Aggression and aspects of impulsivity in wild-type rats.

- Aggression is closely related to impulsive behavior both in humans and in animals. To avoid potential negative consequences, aggressive behavior is kept in control by strong inhibitory mechanisms. Failure of these inhibitory mechanisms results in violent behavior. In the present experiments, we investigated whether aggressive behavior is related to impulsive behavior. Furthermore, we investigated if violent behavior can be distinguished from "normal" aggressive behavior in terms of impulsivity levels. We used rats of the wild-type Groningen strain, rats of this strain differ widely in their level of offensive aggression expressed toward an unfamiliar intruder male, ranging from no aggression at all to very high levels of intense and sometimes violent behavior. Violent behavior was displayed by some of the animals that were given repeated winning experience. We used behavioral performance in an unpredictable operant conditioning paradigm for food reinforcement (variable interval 15) and performance in a differential-reinforcement of low rate (DRL-60s) responding as determinants for impulsivity. We predicted that offensive aggression is correlated with behavioral flexibility measured by the VI-15 procedure and that aggressive behavior is characterized by low behavioral inhibition on the DRL task. In addition we expected that violent animals would be characterized by extremely low levels of behavioral inhibition on the DRL task. We showed that the level of offensive aggression indeed positively correlated with VI-15 performance. In addition, we showed that behavioral performance on the DRL procedure is similar in low and high aggressive rats. However, violent animals can be dissociated by a lower efficiency of lever pressing on a DRL-60s schedule of reinforcement.

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(1)163 of	(9)7 to	(17)3 were	(25)2 may
(2)56 was	(10)6 at	(18)3 without	(26)2 or
(3)44 and	(11)4 as	(19)2 (HR)	(27)2 per
(4)34 null	(12)4 from	(20)2 =	(28)2 product
(5)14 in	(13)4 variability	(21)2 by	(29)2 step
(6)9 is	(14)3 after	(22)2 compared	(30)2 that
(7)8 for	(15)3 coding	(23)2 due	(31)2 under
(8)7 than	(16)3 ranged	(24)2 enzyme	(32)2 which

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--- WordNet output for rate --- =>価格を評定する, 割合, 率, 歩合, 料金, 値段, 相場, 速度, 度合, 人を〜を思う, みなす, 価値がある, 人を〜とみなす, 科金, 評価する Overview of noun rate The noun rate has 4 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (68) rate -- (a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected") 2. (39) rate, charge per unit -- (amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5") 3. (1) pace, rate -- (the relative speed of progress or change; "he lived at a fast pace"; "he works at a great rate"; "the pace of events accelerated") 4. rate -- (a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate") Overview of verb rate The verb rate has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (9) rate, rank, range, order, grade, place -- (assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide") 2. (2) rate -- (be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly") 3. (1) rate, value -- (estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans") --- WordNet end ---