* Degradation of mitochondrial DNA in cryoprotectant-treated hard coral (Echinopora spp.) oocytes.
- A critical step for successful cryopreservation is to determine the optimal cryoprotectant treatment that can provide protective effects against cryoinjury during freezing and with minimal toxicity. Most cryoprotectants have chemical and osmotic effects when used at high concentrations. Cryoprotectants can damage coral mitochondrial distributions and membrane potentials, which results in reduced ATP production. As mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for components of the electron transport chain (ETC) and plays a critical role in ATP synthesis capacity, we determined the effects of cryoprotectants on mtDNA in hard coral (Echinopora spp.) oocytes using quantitative real-time PCR. Our results showed that an insult from a cryoprotectant may be compensated for by the genetic defense mechanisms of these cells. Methanol was found to have the least effect on coral oocytes with regard to their energy status. A single oocyte without cryoprotectant treatment produced an average of 4,220,645 ± 169,990 mtDNA copies, which was greater than that in mammals. However, relatively lower mtDNA copy numbers (<2,000,000) were observed when oocytes were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG), or glycerol at a concentration of 3 M for 20 min. These results provide direct evidence that hard coral (Echinopora spp.) oocytes are extremely susceptible to cryoprotectants and support the concerns with regard to the adverse effects of cryoprotectants.
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Overview of verb reduce
The verb reduce has 20 senses (first 11 from tagged texts)
1. (102) reduce, cut down, cut back, trim, trim down, trim back, cut, bring down -- (cut down on;
make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health
benefits")
2. (9) reduce -- (make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question")
3. (5) reduce -- (bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to
slavery")
4. (3) reduce -- (simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one
term for another)
5. (3) reduce -- (lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She
reduced her niece to a servant")
6. (3) reduce, come down, boil down -- (be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a
compromise")
7. (2) shrink, reduce -- (reduce in size; reduce physically; "Hot water will shrink the sweater";
"Can you shrink this image?")
8. (1) reduce -- (lessen and make more modest; "reduce one's standard of living")
9. (1) reduce, scale down -- (make smaller; "reduce an image")
10. (1) deoxidize, deoxidise, reduce -- (to remove oxygen from a compound, or cause to react with
hydrogen or form a hydride, or to undergo an increase in the number of electrons)
11. (1) reduce, tighten -- (narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners")
12. repress, quash, keep down, subdue, subjugate, reduce -- (put down by force or intimidation; "The
government quashes any attempt of an uprising"; "China keeps down her dissidents very efficiently";
"The rich landowners subjugated the peasants working the land")
13. reduce -- (undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce")
14. reduce -- (reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site)
15. reduce -- (destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it)
16. abridge, foreshorten, abbreviate, shorten, cut, contract, reduce -- (reduce in scope while
retaining essential elements; "The manuscript must be shortened")
17. boil down, reduce, decoct, concentrate -- (be cooked until very little liquid is left; "The
sauce should reduce to one cup")
18. reduce, boil down, concentrate -- (cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the
sauce by boiling it for a long time")
19. dilute, thin, thin out, reduce, cut -- (lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture;
"cut bourbon")
20. reduce, melt off, lose weight, slim, slenderize, thin, slim down -- (take off weight)
Overview of adj reduced
The adj reduced has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (6) decreased, reduced -- (made less in size or amount or degree)
2. (1) reduced, rock-bottom -- (well below normal (especially in price))
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