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273413 occurrences (No.92 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

241) Our results revealed that lower substrate stiffness elicited stronger upregulation of endoderm related genes Sox17, Afp and Hnf4 compared to stiffer substrates.

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PMID:23008262 DOI:10.1002/term.1602

2015 Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

* Inducing endoderm differentiation by modulating mechanical properties of soft substrates.

- Early embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation is marked by the formation of three germ layers from which all tissues types arise. Conventionally, ESCs are differentiated by altering their chemical microenvironment. Recently however, it was established that a mechanical microenvironment can also contribute towards cellular phenotype commitment. In this study, we report how the cellular mechanical microenvironment of soft substrates affects the differentiation and phenotypic commitment of ESCs. Mouse ESCs were cultured in a fibrin hydrogel matrix in 2D and 3D cultures. The gelation characteristics of the substrates were modulated by systematically altering the fibrinogen concentration and the fibrinogen-thrombin crosslinking ratio. Analysis of the ESCs cultured on different substrate conditions clearly illustrated the strong influence that substrate physical characteristics assert on cellular behaviours. Specifically, it was found that ESCs had a higher proliferation rate in gels of lower stiffness. Early differentiation events were studied by analyzing the gene and protein expression levels of early germ layer markers. Our results revealed that lower substrate stiffness elicited stronger upregulation of endoderm related genes Sox17, Afp and Hnf4 compared to stiffer substrates. While both 2D and 3D cultures showed a similar response, the effects were much stronger in 3D culture. These results suggest that physical cues can be used to modulate ESC differentiation into clinically relevant tissues such as liver and pancreas.

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(1)212 to	(11)4 and	(21)3 changes	(31)2 characteristics
(2)11 quality	(12)4 cognitions	(22)3 death	(32)2 genes,
(3)7 factors	(13)4 deaths	(23)3 disease	(33)2 head
(4)6 complications	(14)4 events	(24)3 functional	(34)2 hospital
(5)6 genes	(15)4 issues	(25)3 stress	(35)2 increases
(6)5 health	(16)4 macular	(26)3 symptoms	(36)2 parameters
(7)5 information	(17)4 osteonecrosis	(27)2 Anxiety	(37)2 proteins
(8)5 injuries	(18)4 with	(28)2 Cognitions	(38)2 psychosocial
(9)5 potentials	(19)3 activity	(29)2 barriers	(39)2 species
(10)4 activities	(20)3 cases	(30)2 brain

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--- WordNet output for related --- =>1.関係のある, 関連した, 2.同族の, 親類関係にある Overview of verb relate The verb relate has 5 senses (first 5 from tagged texts) 1. (15) associate, tie in, relate, link, colligate, link up, connect -- (make a logical or causal connection; "I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"; "colligate these facts"; "I cannot relate these events at all") 2. (9) refer, pertain, relate, concern, come to, bear on, touch, touch on, have-to doe with -- (be relevant to; "There were lots of questions referring to her talk"; "My remark pertained to your earlier comments") 3. (7) relate -- (give an account of; "The witness related the events") 4. (4) relate, interrelate -- (be in a relationship with; "How are these two observations related?") 5. (2) relate -- (have or establish a relationship to; "She relates well to her peers") Overview of adj related The adj related has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (20) related, related to -- (being connected either logically or causally or by shared characteristics ; "painting and the related arts"; "school-related activities"; "related to micelle formation is the...ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil-water interfaces") 2. (4) related -- (connected by kinship, common origin, or marriage) --- WordNet end ---