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421954 occurrences (No.40 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

318) Environmental risk assessment of sites contaminated with chemicals needs to also consider mixtures of chemicals as these toxicants act more differently in a mixture than when they occur alone.

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PMID:23608979 DOI:10.1007/s11356-013-1679-9

2015 Environmental science and pollution research international

* Interaction effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on a soil microalga, Chlorococcum sp. MM11.

- Environmental risk assessment of sites contaminated with chemicals needs to also consider mixtures of chemicals as these toxicants act more differently in a mixture than when they occur alone. In this study, we describe, for the first time, the use of a full factorial design experiment to evaluate the toxicity of a quaternary mixture comprising two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (Phe)) and two heavy metals (cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)) toward a soil microalga, Chlorococcum sp. MM11. Biomass, in terms of cell number, and proline accumulation were used to evaluate toxicity responses. Factorial analysis of the data revealed statistically significant interaction effects between the mixtures of toxicants on 96-h biomass endpoint, while no significant interaction effects were observed on proline accumulation in the microalga. A comparison of the data on the toxicity of individual chemicals and those of the factorial main effect analysis clearly showed that Cd is more toxic to the alga, followed by BaP, Pb, and Phe. There was a substantial heavy metal accumulation and PAH degradation by the strain MM11 at EC10 and EC50 of the chemical mixtures.

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(1)138 of	(9)9 in	(17)4 factors,	(25)2 managers
(2)72 factors	(10)7 group	(18)4 stratification	(26)2 mortality
(3)40 for	(11)6 ratio	(19)4 was	(27)2 perception
(4)24 factor	(12)5 behavior	(20)3 groups	(28)2 rates
(5)23 and	(13)5 is	(21)3 infants	(29)2 the
(6)16 null	(14)5 patients	(22)2 among
(7)13 assessment	(15)5 to	(23)2 during
(8)10 score	(16)4 areas	(24)2 estimators

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--- WordNet output for risk --- =>1.損害の恐れ, 危険, 冒険, リスク, 2.危険にさらす, 3.敢えてする, 被保険者, 被保険物, 危険にさらす, 賭けてみる Overview of noun risk The noun risk has 4 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (4) hazard, jeopardy, peril, risk, endangerment -- (a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune; "drinking alcohol is a health hazard") 2. (2) risk, peril, danger -- (a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury; "he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime"; "there was a danger he would do the wrong thing") 3. risk, risk of infection -- (the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred) 4. risk, risk of exposure -- (the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent) Overview of verb risk The verb risk has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (8) risk, put on the line, lay on the line -- (expose to a chance of loss or damage; "We risked losing a lot of money in this venture"; "Why risk your life?"; "She laid her job on the line when she told the boss that he was wrong") 2. (2) gamble, chance, risk, hazard, take chances, adventure, run a risk, take a chance -- (take a risk in the hope of a favorable outcome; "When you buy these stocks you are gambling") --- WordNet end ---