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9) Here, a prospective metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants at risk of CD was done to track shifts in the microbiota before CD development.
2021 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
* Microbiome signatures of progression toward celiac disease onset in at-risk children in a longitudinal prospective cohort study.
- Other than exposure to gluten and genetic compatibility, the gut microbiome has been suggested to be involved in celiac disease (CD) pathogenesis by mediating interactions between gluten/environmental factors and the host immune system. However, to establish disease progression markers, it is essential to assess alterations in the gut microbiota before disease onset. Here, a prospective metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants at risk of CD was done to track shifts in the microbiota before CD development. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of gut microbiota, functional pathways, and metabolites, starting from 18 mo before CD onset, in 10 infants who developed CD and 10 matched nonaffected infants. Cross-sectional analysis at CD onset identified altered abundance of six microbial strains and several metabolites between cases and controls but no change in microbial species or pathway abundance. Conversely, results of longitudinal analysis revealed several microbial species/strains/pathways/metabolites occurring in increased abundance and detected before CD onset. These had previously been linked to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions (e.g., Dialister invisus, Parabacteroides sp., Lachnospiraceae, tryptophan metabolism, and metabolites serine and threonine). Others occurred in decreased abundance before CD onset and are known to have anti-inflammatory effects (e.g., Streptococcus thermophilus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Clostridium clostridioforme). Additionally, we uncovered previously unreported microbes/pathways/metabolites (e.g., Porphyromonas sp., high mannose-type N-glycan biosynthesis, and serine) that point to CD-specific biomarkers. Our study establishes a road map for prospective longitudinal study designs to better understand the role of gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets to reestablish tolerance and/or prevent autoimmunity.
=>1.損害の恐れ, 危険, 冒険, リスク, 2.危険にさらす, 3.敢えてする, 被保険者, 被保険物, 危険にさらす,
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Overview of noun risk
The noun risk has 4 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (4) hazard, jeopardy, peril, risk, endangerment -- (a source of danger; a possibility of
incurring loss or misfortune; "drinking alcohol is a health hazard")
2. (2) risk, peril, danger -- (a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury; "he
saw the rewards but not the risks of crime"; "there was a danger he would do the wrong thing")
3. risk, risk of infection -- (the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an
infectious agent has occurred)
4. risk, risk of exposure -- (the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent)
Overview of verb risk
The verb risk has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (8) risk, put on the line, lay on the line -- (expose to a chance of loss or damage; "We risked
losing a lot of money in this venture"; "Why risk your life?"; "She laid her job on the line when
she told the boss that he was wrong")
2. (2) gamble, chance, risk, hazard, take chances, adventure, run a risk, take a chance -- (take a
risk in the hope of a favorable outcome; "When you buy these stocks you are gambling")
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