* Peculiarities of tuberculosis in kidney transplant recipients.
- Renal transplant is becoming increasingly available in developing countries. Significant advances have been made globally since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, with the advent of newer, more effective and more selective immunosuppressants. As a result, allograft and patient survival has increased, leaving infection and malignancy as major challenges. The incidence rate of tuberculsis in renal transplant recipients is directly proportional to the prevalence in the general population with the developing countries having the highest rates. The objective of this paper is to review the existing literature on post renal transplant tuberculosis with a view to highlighting its peculiarities compared to tuberculosis in the general population. Several databases (Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane data base, Google Scholar and AJOL) were searched for articles using the key words Tuberculosis (MESH), Renal (OR Kidney), AND transplant. Hand search was also made of reference list of retrieved articles. Full text of relevant original articles were retrieved and appraised. Several studies have demonstrated increased risk of tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients, especially in developing countries. Tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients has peculiarities such as difficulty in diagnosing latent TB, atypical presentations, increased risk of dissemination, increased mortality and interactions of anti-Tb drugs with transplant medications. Clinicians managing renal transplant recipients especially in developing countries should have a high index of suspicion for TB and be aware of its peculiarities in this patient population.
Overview of noun study
The noun study has 10 senses (first 8 from tagged texts)
1. (90) survey, study -- (a detailed critical inspection)
2. (17) study, work -- (applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by
reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in
interior design")
3. (6) report, study, written report -- (a written document describing the findings of some
individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale")
4. (6) study -- (a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study")
5. (6) study -- (a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed
door of the study")
6. (3) discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwick --
(a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in
their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings")
7. (2) sketch, study -- (preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before
starting to paint")
8. (1) cogitation, study -- (attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he
rejected the offer")
9. study -- (someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a
quick study")
10. study -- (a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in
spiccato bowing")
Overview of verb study
The verb study has 6 senses (first 6 from tagged texts)
1. (73) analyze, analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas -- (consider in detail and subject to an
analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare";
"analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives")
2. (17) study -- (be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning)
3. (15) study, consider -- (give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving")
4. (13) learn, study, read, take -- (be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar
exam")
5. (5) study, hit the books -- (learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I
have an exam next week; I must hit the books now")
6. (2) study, meditate, contemplate -- (think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He
is meditating in his study")
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