* Alcohol-Induced Lysosomal Damage and Suppression of Lysosome Biogenesis Contribute to Hepatotoxicity in HIV-Exposed Liver Cells.
- Although the causes of hepatotoxicity among alcohol-abusing HIV patients are multifactorial, alcohol remains the least explored "second hit" for HIV-related hepatotoxicity. Here, we investigated whether metabolically derived acetaldehyde impairs lysosomes to enhance HIV-induced hepatotoxicity. We exposed Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-expressing Huh 7.5 (also known as RLW) cells to an acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS) for 24 h. We then infected (or not) the cells with HIV-1ADA then exposed them again to AGS for another 48 h. Lysosome damage was assessed by galectin 3/LAMP1 co-localization and cathepsin leakage. Expression of lysosome biogenesis-transcription factor, TFEB, was measured by its protein levels and by in situ immunofluorescence. Exposure of cells to both AGS + HIV caused the greatest amount of lysosome leakage and its impaired lysosomal biogenesis, leading to intrinsic apoptosis. Furthermore, the movement of TFEB from cytosol to the nucleus via microtubules was impaired by AGS exposure. The latter impairment appeared to occur by acetylation of α-tubulin. Moreover, ZKSCAN3, a repressor of lysosome gene activation by TFEB, was amplified by AGS. Both these changes contributed to AGS-elicited disruption of lysosome biogenesis. Our findings indicate that metabolically generated acetaldehyde damages lysosomes and likely prevents their repair and restoration, thereby exacerbating HIV-induced hepatotoxicity.
=>制度組織体系的方式, システム, 組織, 整然とした手順, (思想などの)体系, 体制
Overview of noun system
The noun system has 9 senses (first 8 from tagged texts)
1. (43) system -- (instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work
as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small
computer")
2. (23) system, scheme -- (a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified
whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going")
3. (14) system -- ((physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases
are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system
generating hydrogen peroxide")
4. (10) system, system of rules -- (a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to
operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender")
5. (8) arrangement, organization, organisation, system -- (an organized structure for arranging or
classifying; "he changed the arrangement of the topics"; "the facts were familiar but it was in the
organization of them that he was original"; "he tried to understand their system of classification")
6. (7) system -- (a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has
a system of organs for digestion")
7. (6) system -- (a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system
that did not depend on cooperation")
8. (1) system -- (the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a
unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system")
9. organization, organisation, system -- (an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being
methodical and well organized; "his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality"; "we can't
do it unless we establish some system around here")
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