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271290 occurrences (No.96 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

166) There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance.

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PMID:24112127 DOI:10.1111/tbed.12166

2015 Transboundary and emerging diseases

* A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance.

- To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.

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[frequency of next (right) word to there]

(1)138 was	(4)83 are	(7)4 null	(10)2 appears
(2)132 is	(5)20 have	(8)3 exists	(11)2 exist
(3)86 were	(6)18 has	(9)3 may

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--- WordNet output for there --- =>1.その場所で, そこに(で), そこへ, 2.〜がある, その場所で Overview of noun there The noun there has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1. there -- (a location other than here; that place; "you can take it from there") Overview of adv there The adv there has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (181) there, at that place, in that location -- (in or at that place; "they have lived there for years"; "it's not there"; "that man there") 2. (6) there, in that respect, on that point -- (in that matter; "I agree with you there") 3. (2) there, thither -- (to or toward that place; away from the speaker; "go there around noon!") --- WordNet end ---