ELIZA

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357929 occurrences (No.51 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

91) To directly test the effect of leptin on tumor growth and antitumor immunity, we treated lean mice with leptin and observed tumors over time.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:34772698 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.2001152

2021 Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

* Leptin Augments Antitumor Immunity in Obesity by Repolarizing Tumor-Associated Macrophages.

- Although obesity can promote cancer, it may also increase immunotherapy efficacy in what has been termed the obesity-immunotherapy paradox. Mechanisms of this effect are unclear, although obesity alters key inflammatory cytokines and can promote an inflammatory state that may modify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophage populations. To identify mechanisms by which obesity affects antitumor immunity, we examined changes in cell populations and the role of the proinflammatory adipokine leptin in immunotherapy. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that obesity decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte frequencies, and flow cytometry confirmed altered macrophage phenotypes with lower expression of inducible NO synthase and MHC class II in tumors of obese animals. When treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) Abs, however, obese mice had a greater absolute decrease in tumor burden than lean mice and a repolarization of the macrophages to inflammatory M1-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, leptin is a proinflammatory adipokine that is induced in obesity and may mediate enhanced antitumor immunity in obesity. To directly test the effect of leptin on tumor growth and antitumor immunity, we treated lean mice with leptin and observed tumors over time. Treatment with leptin, acute or chronic, was sufficient to enhance antitumor efficacy similar to anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy. Further, leptin and anti-PD-1 cotreatment may enhance antitumor effects consistent with an increase in M1-like tumor-associated macrophage frequency compared with non-leptin-treated mice. These data demonstrate that obesity has dual effects in cancer through promotion of tumor growth while simultaneously enhancing antitumor immunity through leptin-mediated macrophage reprogramming.

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(1)48 and	(16)5 course	(31)3 inhibition	(46)2 indoors
(2)47 null	(17)5 when	(32)3 on	(47)2 interaction
(3)22 of	(18)4 TCD	(33)3 we	(48)2 interval
(4)16 in	(19)4 at	(34)2 across	(49)2 period,
(5)15 to	(20)4 curve	(35)2 after	(50)2 periods
(6)13 points	(21)4 point	(36)2 along	(51)2 points,
(7)10 the	(22)4 profiles	(37)2 between	(52)2 points:
(8)8 spent	(23)4 were	(38)2 can	(53)2 polymerase
(9)7 period	(24)4 with	(39)2 compared	(54)2 required
(10)7 that	(25)3 a	(40)2 concentration-,	(55)2 scale
(11)6 characteristics	(26)3 data	(41)2 constraints	(56)2 since
(12)6 for	(27)3 during	(42)2 cross-network	(57)2 sleepiness
(13)6 is	(28)3 frame	(43)2 functional	(58)2 using
(14)6 was	(29)3 frames	(44)2 guideline	(59)2 will
(15)5 PCR	(30)3 horizon	(45)2 inactivation

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--- WordNet output for time --- =>1.時代, 季節, 歳月, 当時, 現代, 一生, 年季, 就業時間, 期間, 時刻, 時点, 機会, 拍子, 速度, 何度, 何回, 時, 時間, 回, 2.時間[速度]を測定する, 時間を決める, (装置などの)タイミングを調節する Overview of noun time The noun time has 10 senses (first 9 from tagged texts) 1. (219) time, clip -- (an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip") 2. (160) time -- (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; "take time to smell the roses"; "I didn't have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time") 3. (114) time -- (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time") 4. (43) time -- (a suitable moment; "it is time to go") 5. (36) time -- (the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past) 6. (10) time -- (a person's experience on a particular occasion; "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together") 7. (7) clock time, time -- (a reading of a point in time as given by a clock; "do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock") 8. (5) fourth dimension, time -- (the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event) 9. (1) meter, metre, time -- (rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration) 10. prison term, sentence, time -- (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned; "he served a prison term of 15 months"; "his sentence was 5 to 10 years"; "he is doing time in the county jail") Overview of verb time The verb time has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) clock, time -- (measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time; "he clocked the runners") 2. (3) time -- (assign a time for an activity or event; "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene") 3. (1) time -- (set the speed, duration, or execution of; "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely") 4. time -- (regulate or set the time of; "time the clock") 5. time -- (adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time; "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely") --- WordNet end ---