ELIZA

return kwic search for used to out of >500 occurrences
298981 occurrences (No.78 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

134) These methods were used to determine MNZ in surface waters, sediments and fish tissues from the Polish River Gościcina; MNZ was found in all these matrices.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:24412503 DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.061

2015 Chemosphere

* Determination of metronidazole residues in water, sediment and fish tissue samples.

- Metronidazole (MNZ) is an antibacterial and antiprotozoal drug used in veterinary and human medicine. Its continual entry into the environment and its biological properties may have significant, long-term effects on the stability of ecosystems because MNZ and its metabolites possess mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic properties. For this reason, the application of MNZ in food-producing species is prohibited in the EU, the USA and other countries. To ensure human food safety and to protect the environment, robust and reliable screening and confirmatory tests capable of the low-level detection of MNZ residues are required. The development of methods for MNZ determination in biological and environmental samples is thus an important analytical task in environmental and food science. This work focuses on the evaluation of a method for determining MNZ in water, sediment and fish tissue samples using liquid chromatography--ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MNZ was extracted from waters on Strata XC cartridges using solid phase extraction (SPE), and from sediments and fish tissues by solid-liquid extraction (sediment: 15 mL 0.1 M HCl (pH=0.6), 15 min; fish tissue: 15 mL 1% CH3COOH in ACN, 1 min; drying: 5 g MgSO4(anhyd.; 30 s) with SPE purification of the extracts (from sediment: Strata XC cartridge; from fish tissue: Supelco NH2 cartridge). The optimal procedure that we developed was validated in order to confirm its reliability and sensitivity. Matrix effects (ME) were established. Absolute recoveries ranged from 89.3% to 97.2%, and the method detection limits were 3.4 ng L(-1) (water samples), 0.4 ng g(-1) (sediment samples) and 0.3 ng g(-1) (tissue samples). These methods were used to determine MNZ in surface waters, sediments and fish tissues from the Polish River Gościcina; MNZ was found in all these matrices. The highest concentrations in water, sediment and tissue were 136.2 ng L(-1), 12.0 ng g(-1) and 1.5 ng g(-1) respectively. The results confirmed that these methods are suitable for the simultaneous analysis of waters, sediments and fish tissues for the presence of MNZ.

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[frequency of next (right) word to used to]

(1)28 assess	(20)5 design	(39)3 establish	(58)2 find
(2)28 identify	(21)5 increase	(40)3 observe	(59)2 fit
(3)23 evaluate	(22)5 inform	(41)3 prevent	(60)2 form
(4)20 study	(23)5 obtain	(42)3 solve	(61)2 further
(5)17 estimate	(24)5 quantify	(43)3 validate	(62)2 gain
(6)17 measure	(25)5 reconstruct	(44)2 accurately	(63)2 help
(7)16 determine	(26)4 calculate	(45)2 address	(64)2 improve
(8)16 examine	(27)4 characterize	(46)2 amplify	(65)2 make
(9)12 explore	(28)4 confirm	(47)2 avoid	(66)2 match
(10)10 treat	(29)4 construct	(48)2 be	(67)2 optimize
(11)9 analyze	(30)4 illustrate	(49)2 conduct	(68)2 perform
(12)8 develop	(31)4 reduce	(50)2 create	(69)2 prepare
(13)8 investigate	(32)4 screen	(51)2 demonstrate	(70)2 produce
(14)8 predict	(33)4 simulate	(52)2 derive	(71)2 promote
(15)7 collect	(34)4 verify	(53)2 describe	(72)2 recruit
(16)7 compare	(35)3 classify	(54)2 distinguish	(73)2 represent
(17)7 test	(36)3 compute	(55)2 explain	(74)2 select
(18)6 analyse	(37)3 control	(56)2 extrapolate
(19)6 detect	(38)3 define	(57)2 facilitate

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--- WordNet output for used --- =>1.〜に慣れて, 2.用いられた, 中古の Overview of verb use The verb use has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (603) use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ -- (put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home"; "I can't use this tool"; "Apply a magnetic field here"; "This thinking was applied to many projects"; "How do you utilize this tool?"; "I apply this rule to get good results"; "use the plastic bags to store the food"; "He doesn't know how to use a computer") 2. (12) use, habituate -- (take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely") 3. (8) use, expend -- (use up, consume fully; "The legislature expended its time on school questions") 4. use -- (seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage; "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"; "The president's wife used her good connections") 5. practice, apply, use -- (avail oneself to; "apply a principle"; "practice a religion"; "use care when going down the stairs"; "use your common sense"; "practice non-violent resistance") 6. use -- (habitually do something (use only in the past tense); "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally"; "I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall"; "They used to vacation in the Bahamas") Overview of adj used The adj used has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) used -- (employed in accomplishing something; "the principle of surprise is the most used and misused of all the principles of war"- H.H.Arnold & I.C.Eaker) 2. (1) exploited, ill-used, put-upon, used, victimized, victimised -- (of persons; taken advantage of; "after going out of his way to help his friend get the job he felt not appreciated but used") 3. (1) secondhand, used -- (previously used or owned by another; "bought a secondhand (or used) car") --- WordNet end ---