ELIZA

return kwic search for used to out of >500 occurrences
298981 occurrences (No.78 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

283) Shotgun metagenomics and comparative isolate genomics were used to understand the impact of oral vancomycin on the microbiome and environmental contamination.

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PMID:33441409 DOI:10.1128/mSphere.00936-20

2021 mSphere

* Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Vancomycin Treatment in Clostridioides difficile-Colonized Patients.

- Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is most commonly diagnosed using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT); the low positive predictive value of these assays results in patients colonized with C. difficile unnecessarily receiving CDI treatment antibiotics. The risks and benefits of antibiotic treatment in individuals with such cases are unknown. Fecal samples of NAAT-positive, toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-negative patients were collected before, during, and after randomization to vancomycin (n = 8) or placebo (n = 7). C. difficile and antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) were selectively cultured from fecal and environmental samples. Shotgun metagenomics and comparative isolate genomics were used to understand the impact of oral vancomycin on the microbiome and environmental contamination. Overall, 80% of placebo patients and 71% of vancomycin patients were colonized with C. difficile posttreatment. One person randomized to placebo subsequently received treatment for CDI. In the vancomycin-treated group, beta-diversity (P = 0.0059) and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes (P = 0.037) increased after treatment; C. difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) environmental contamination was found in 53% of patients and 26% of patients, respectively. We found that vancomycin alters the gut microbiota, does not permanently clear C. difficile, and is associated with VRE colonization/environmental contamination. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT03388268.)IMPORTANCE A gold standard diagnostic for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) does not exist. An area of controversy is how to manage patients whose stool tests positive by nucleic acid amplification tests but negative by toxin enzyme immunoassay. Existing data suggest most of these patients do not have CDI, but most are treated with oral vancomycin. Potential benefits to treatment include a decreased risk for adverse outcomes if the patient does have CDI and the potential to decrease C. difficile shedding/transmission. However, oral vancomycin perturbs the intestinal microbiota and promotes antibiotic-resistant organism colonization/transmission. We conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled trial to assess the risk-benefit of oral vancomycin treatment in this population. Oral vancomycin did not result in long-term clearance of C. difficile, perturbed the microbiota, and was associated with colonization/shedding of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. This work underscores the need to better understand this population of patients in the context of C. difficile/ARO-related outcomes and transmission.

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[frequency of next (right) word to used to]

(1)44 identify	(17)7 improve	(33)4 select	(49)2 gauge
(2)32 assess	(18)6 compare	(34)4 validate	(50)2 increase
(3)20 evaluate	(19)6 create	(35)3 analyse	(51)2 knock
(4)19 treat	(20)6 inform	(36)3 collect	(52)2 make
(5)14 predict	(21)6 test	(37)3 construct	(53)2 manipulate
(6)14 study	(22)6 understand	(38)3 demonstrate	(54)2 monitor
(7)13 measure	(23)5 address	(39)3 explore	(55)2 overcome
(8)12 investigate	(24)4 calculate	(40)3 help	(56)2 perform
(9)11 determine	(25)4 conduct	(41)3 induce	(57)2 provide
(10)11 examine	(26)4 define	(42)3 mimic	(58)2 reduce
(11)11 guide	(27)4 deliver	(43)2 acquire	(59)2 refer
(12)10 analyze	(28)4 describe	(44)2 better	(60)2 simulate
(13)9 estimate	(29)4 detect	(45)2 characterize	(61)2 track
(14)9 quantify	(30)4 generate	(46)2 confirm
(15)9 support	(31)4 obtain	(47)2 design
(16)8 develop	(32)4 search	(48)2 enhance

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--- WordNet output for used --- =>1.〜に慣れて, 2.用いられた, 中古の Overview of verb use The verb use has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (603) use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ -- (put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home"; "I can't use this tool"; "Apply a magnetic field here"; "This thinking was applied to many projects"; "How do you utilize this tool?"; "I apply this rule to get good results"; "use the plastic bags to store the food"; "He doesn't know how to use a computer") 2. (12) use, habituate -- (take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely") 3. (8) use, expend -- (use up, consume fully; "The legislature expended its time on school questions") 4. use -- (seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage; "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"; "The president's wife used her good connections") 5. practice, apply, use -- (avail oneself to; "apply a principle"; "practice a religion"; "use care when going down the stairs"; "use your common sense"; "practice non-violent resistance") 6. use -- (habitually do something (use only in the past tense); "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally"; "I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall"; "They used to vacation in the Bahamas") Overview of adj used The adj used has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) used -- (employed in accomplishing something; "the principle of surprise is the most used and misused of all the principles of war"- H.H.Arnold & I.C.Eaker) 2. (1) exploited, ill-used, put-upon, used, victimized, victimised -- (of persons; taken advantage of; "after going out of his way to help his friend get the job he felt not appreciated but used") 3. (1) secondhand, used -- (previously used or owned by another; "bought a secondhand (or used) car") --- WordNet end ---