ELIZA

return kwic search for used to out of >500 occurrences
298981 occurrences (No.78 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

306) It was concluded that phages can be used to reduce the concentration of a bacterial pathogen on meat, but the concentration of phages needs to be high (>4-5 log10 plaque forming units/cm(2)) for reductions to occur.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:24285831 DOI:10.1177/1082013213513031

2015 Food science and technology international = Ciencia y tecnologia de los alimentos internacional

* Effect of phage and host concentration on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cooked and raw beef.

- A previously described phage infecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 was added to raw and cooked beef pieces at concentrations ranging from 10(1)-10(8) plaque forming units/cm(2) to either low (<100 CFU/cm(2)) or high (10(4) CFU/cm(2)) concentrations of host bacterial cells. Incubation for up to 24 h was performed at 5 ℃ and 24 ℃ to simulate refrigerated and room temperature storage/temperature abuse. Surviving bacteria were enumerated during the incubation period, with phages being counted at the first and last sampling times. Significant reductions of E. coli O157:H7 of the order of >4 log10 CFU/cm(2) at both temperatures could be achieved compared to phage-free controls. There was a trend for greater inactivation to occur with increasing phage concentration. While re-growth of surviving cells occurred in nearly all samples incubated for 24 h at 24 ℃, these conditions are not typical of those experienced by perishable foods. It was concluded that phages can be used to reduce the concentration of a bacterial pathogen on meat, but the concentration of phages needs to be high (>4-5 log10 plaque forming units/cm(2)) for reductions to occur. A concentration of the order 8 log10 plaque forming units/cm(2) was needed to achieve a 4 log10 CFU/cm(2) reduction.

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[frequency of next (right) word to used to]

(1)28 assess	(20)5 design	(39)3 establish	(58)2 find
(2)28 identify	(21)5 increase	(40)3 observe	(59)2 fit
(3)23 evaluate	(22)5 inform	(41)3 prevent	(60)2 form
(4)20 study	(23)5 obtain	(42)3 solve	(61)2 further
(5)17 estimate	(24)5 quantify	(43)3 validate	(62)2 gain
(6)17 measure	(25)5 reconstruct	(44)2 accurately	(63)2 help
(7)16 determine	(26)4 calculate	(45)2 address	(64)2 improve
(8)16 examine	(27)4 characterize	(46)2 amplify	(65)2 make
(9)12 explore	(28)4 confirm	(47)2 avoid	(66)2 match
(10)10 treat	(29)4 construct	(48)2 be	(67)2 optimize
(11)9 analyze	(30)4 illustrate	(49)2 conduct	(68)2 perform
(12)8 develop	(31)4 reduce	(50)2 create	(69)2 prepare
(13)8 investigate	(32)4 screen	(51)2 demonstrate	(70)2 produce
(14)8 predict	(33)4 simulate	(52)2 derive	(71)2 promote
(15)7 collect	(34)4 verify	(53)2 describe	(72)2 recruit
(16)7 compare	(35)3 classify	(54)2 distinguish	(73)2 represent
(17)7 test	(36)3 compute	(55)2 explain	(74)2 select
(18)6 analyse	(37)3 control	(56)2 extrapolate
(19)6 detect	(38)3 define	(57)2 facilitate

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--- WordNet output for used --- =>1.〜に慣れて, 2.用いられた, 中古の Overview of verb use The verb use has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (603) use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ -- (put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home"; "I can't use this tool"; "Apply a magnetic field here"; "This thinking was applied to many projects"; "How do you utilize this tool?"; "I apply this rule to get good results"; "use the plastic bags to store the food"; "He doesn't know how to use a computer") 2. (12) use, habituate -- (take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely") 3. (8) use, expend -- (use up, consume fully; "The legislature expended its time on school questions") 4. use -- (seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage; "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"; "The president's wife used her good connections") 5. practice, apply, use -- (avail oneself to; "apply a principle"; "practice a religion"; "use care when going down the stairs"; "use your common sense"; "practice non-violent resistance") 6. use -- (habitually do something (use only in the past tense); "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally"; "I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall"; "They used to vacation in the Bahamas") Overview of adj used The adj used has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) used -- (employed in accomplishing something; "the principle of surprise is the most used and misused of all the principles of war"- H.H.Arnold & I.C.Eaker) 2. (1) exploited, ill-used, put-upon, used, victimized, victimised -- (of persons; taken advantage of; "after going out of his way to help his friend get the job he felt not appreciated but used") 3. (1) secondhand, used -- (previously used or owned by another; "bought a secondhand (or used) car") --- WordNet end ---