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272943 occurrences (No.93 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

303) Prorocentrum lima is a cosmopolitan benthic dinoflagellate capable of producing the diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin (DTX).

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PMID:33465619 DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105738

2021 Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

* Toxin accumulation, detoxification and oxidative stress in bivalve (Anomalocardia flexuosa) exposed to the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima.

- Prorocentrum lima is a cosmopolitan benthic dinoflagellate capable of producing the diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin (DTX). These compounds may cause oxidative stress and accumulate in bivalve tissues, which become vectors of intoxication to human consumers. We investigated DST accumulation, detoxification and oxidative stress biomarkers in clams (Anomalocardia flexuosa) experimentally exposed to P. lima cells or their compounds. Experimental diets consisted of 6000 cells mL^-1 of the non-toxic chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp. (C; control condition), and combinations of C with 10 P. lima cells mL^-1 (T10), 100 P. lima cells mL^-1 (T100), or to a toxin concentration of ∼4 μg OA L^-1 and ∼0.65 μg DTX-1 L^-1 (T100d). Clams were exposed to these diets for 7 days (uptake phase), followed by a 7-day depuration period. No DSTs were detected in clams exposed to treatments C (control) nor to T100d (dissolved compounds) during either uptake or detoxification phase. Conversely, clams exposed to T10 or T100 accumulated, on average, up to 2.5 and 35 μg DST kg^-1 in their whole bodies at the end of the uptake phase. These concentrations are ∼64 and ∼4.5 times lower than the regulatory level of 160 μg OA kg^-1, respectively. Accumulated OA quotas were 12-22 times higher in the digestive gland (DG) than in remaining tissues over the uptake phase. Quick toxin transformation was indicated by the early detection of conjugated compounds - DTX-1 and OA esters - in the DG after 6 h of exposure, with OA-ester representing the main compound (30 - 100 %) in that tissue over the experiment. During the depuration period, detoxification rates represented 0.024 h^-1, 0.04 h^-1 and 0.052 h^-1 for OA, DTX-1 and OA-ester, respectively. The activities of catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and the levels of oxidative stress by lipoperoxidation varied similarly in the DG of A. flexuosa individuals subjected to T100, T100d and the control condition. However, contrasting antioxidant responses were measured in those exposed to T10. These findings indicate that no oxidative stress was primarily induced by DST-producing dinoflagellates in this clam species under laboratory conditions representative of toxic bloom situations. Even though, possible interactions should be considered under multistressor scenarios.

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[frequency of next (right) word to acid]

(1)26 and	(19)3 (GABA)	(37)2 (AMPA)	(55)2 glycoprotein
(2)13 metabolism	(20)3 (HA)	(38)2 (ASA)	(56)2 group
(3)11 null	(21)3 A,	(39)2 (BA)	(57)2 have
(4)10 oxidation	(22)3 Gels	(40)2 (FA)	(58)2 injury
(5)9 receptor	(23)3 amide	(41)2 (GABA)ergic	(59)2 ion
(6)8 in	(24)3 amplification	(42)2 (HAuCl4)	(60)2 is
(7)7 residues	(25)3 ceramidase	(43)2 (IAA),	(61)2 layer
(8)6 cycle	(26)3 delivery	(44)2 (OCA),	(62)2 mutations
(9)6 transporter	(27)3 moiety	(45)2 (TCA)	(63)2 positions
(10)6 was	(28)3 protein	(46)2 Amide	(64)2 quantification
(11)5 or	(29)3 protein,	(47)2 alone	(65)2 regulation
(12)5 sequence	(30)3 receptors	(48)2 binding	(66)2 substitution
(13)4 biosynthesis	(31)3 reduced	(49)2 biosensor	(67)2 synthesis
(14)4 composition	(32)3 regurgitation	(50)2 burns	(68)2 the
(15)4 levels	(33)3 sequences	(51)2 cargo	(69)2 transporter,
(16)4 metabolism,	(34)3 transport	(52)2 changes	(70)2 variants
(17)4 structures	(35)3 transporters	(53)2 diethylamide	(71)2 wet
(18)4 substitutions	(36)3 were	(54)2 from

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--- WordNet output for acid --- =>1.酸っぱい, 2.辛辣な, 3.酸, 4.《俗語》麻薬, LSD Overview of noun acid The noun acid has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (4) acid -- (any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt) 2. acid, back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen -- (street name for lysergic acid diethylamide) Overview of adj acid The adj acid has 3 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (1) acerb, acerbic, acid, acrid, bitter, blistering, caustic, sulfurous, sulphurous, virulent, vitriolic -- (harsh or corrosive in tone; "an acerbic tone piercing otherwise flowery prose"; "a barrage of acid comments"; "her acrid remarks make her many enemies"; "bitter words"; "blistering criticism"; "caustic jokes about political assassination, talk-show hosts and medical ethics"; "a sulfurous denunciation"; "a vitriolic critique") 2. acidic, acid, acidulent, acidulous -- (being sour to the taste) 3. acid -- (having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction") --- WordNet end ---