ELIZA

return kwic search for based on out of >500 occurrences
346933 occurrences (No.53 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

218) In countries with universal insurance, if each payer unilaterally sets an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold based on its citizens' willingness-to-pay for health; manufacturers price to that ICER threshold; and payers limit reimbursement to patients for whom a drug is cost-effective at that price and ICER, then the resulting price levels and use within each country and price differentials across countries are roughly consistent with second-best static and dynamic efficiency.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:24327269 DOI:10.1002/hec.3021

2015 Health economics

* Value-based differential pricing: efficient prices for drugs in a global context.

- This paper analyzes pharmaceutical pricing between and within countries to achieve second-best static and dynamic efficiency. We distinguish countries with and without universal insurance, because insurance undermines patients' price sensitivity, potentially leading to prices above second-best efficient levels. In countries with universal insurance, if each payer unilaterally sets an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold based on its citizens' willingness-to-pay for health; manufacturers price to that ICER threshold; and payers limit reimbursement to patients for whom a drug is cost-effective at that price and ICER, then the resulting price levels and use within each country and price differentials across countries are roughly consistent with second-best static and dynamic efficiency. These value-based prices are expected to differ cross-nationally with per capita income and be broadly consistent with Ramsey optimal prices. Countries without comprehensive insurance avoid its distorting effects on prices but also lack financial protection and affordability for the poor. Improving pricing efficiency in these self-pay countries includes improving regulation and consumer information about product quality and enabling firms to price discriminate within and between countries.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

[
right
kwic]

[frequency of next (right) word to based on]

(1)142 the	(8)4 data	(15)2 clinical	(22)2 partial
(2)40 a	(9)4 our	(16)2 combined	(23)2 previous
(3)19 these	(10)4 two	(17)2 current	(24)2 radiological
(4)9 their	(11)3 16S	(18)2 functional	(25)2 sequences
(5)7 this	(12)3 an	(19)2 histological	(26)2 shear
(6)5 its	(13)2 all	(20)2 interviews	(27)2 small
(7)4 both	(14)2 changes	(21)2 morphology	(28)2 surveys

add keyword

--- WordNet output for based --- =>に基づき Overview of verb base The verb base has 3 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (75) establish, base, ground, found -- (use as a basis for; found on; "base a claim on some observation") 2. base -- (situate as a center of operations; "we will base this project in the new lab") 3. free-base, base -- (use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes) Overview of adj based The adj based has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (3) based -- (having a base; "firmly based ice") 2. (1) based -- (having a base of operations (often used as a combining form); "a locally based business"; "an Atlanta-based company"; "carrier-based planes") --- WordNet end ---