ELIZA cgi-bash version rev. 1.90
- Medical English LInking keywords finder for the PubMed Zipped Archive (ELIZA) -

return kwic search for effects of out of >500 occurrences
291610 occurrences (No.83 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found
8) This study's objectives were to examine the effects of the GWLs on the electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of smoking addiction and to determine whether labels rated higher on the emotional reaction (ER) scale are associated with greater effects.
--- ABSTRACT ---
PMID:24330194 DOI:10.1111/adb.12117
2015 Addiction biology
* Emotional graphic cigarette warning labels reduce the electrophysiological brain response to smoking cues.
- There is an ongoing public debate about the new graphic warning labels (GWLs) that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposes to place on cigarette packs. Tobacco companies argued that the strongly emotional images FDA proposed to include in the GWLs encroached on their constitutional rights. The court ruled that FDA did not provide sufficient scientific evidence of compelling public interest in such encroachment. This study's objectives were to examine the effects of the GWLs on the electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of smoking addiction and to determine whether labels rated higher on the emotional reaction (ER) scale are associated with greater effects. We studied 25 non-treatment-seeking smokers. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants viewed a random sequence of paired images, in which visual smoking (Cues) or non-smoking (non-Cues) images were preceded by GWLs or neutral images. Participants reported their cigarette craving after viewing each pair. Dependent variables were magnitude of P300 ERPs and self-reported cigarette craving in response to Cues. We found that subjective craving response to Cues was significantly reduced by preceding GWLs, whereas the P300 amplitude response to Cues was reduced only by preceding GWLs rated high on the ER scale. In conclusion, our study provides experimental neuroscience evidence that weighs in on the ongoing public and legal debate about how to balance the constitutional and public health aspects of the FDA-proposed GWLs. The high toll of smoking-related illness and death adds urgency to the debate and prompts consideration of our findings while longitudinal studies of GWLs are underway.
--- ABSTRACT END ---
[
right
kwic]
[frequency of next (right) word to effects of]
(1)38 the (17)3 nicotine, (33)2 childhood (49)2 nicotine
(2)12 these (18)3 three (34)2 chronic (50)2 oral
(3)7 a (19)3 two (35)2 coping (51)2 oxidized
(4)5 an (20)2 10 (36)2 dietary (52)2 prolonged
(5)5 different (21)2 2 (37)2 environmental (53)2 reappraisal
(6)5 exposure (22)2 CUX1 (38)2 fungal (54)2 resilience
(7)5 this (23)2 DADS (39)2 heavy (55)2 resistance
(8)4 CP (24)2 DEHP (40)2 individual (56)2 scaffold
(9)4 HLs (25)2 EMF (41)2 ionizing (57)2 self-determined
(10)4 TV (26)2 LLLT (42)2 length (58)2 social
(11)4 both (27)2 NPs (43)2 low (59)2 subacute
(12)4 perceived (28)2 Ni (44)2 mercury (60)2 tramadol,
(13)3 black-odor (29)2 SLT (45)2 mesenchymal (61)2 various
(14)3 changes (30)2 administration (46)2 metal (62)2 vitamin
(15)3 exercise (31)2 age (47)2 methanolic (63)2 wheat
(16)3 long-term (32)2 caffeic (48)2 multivitamins

add keyword

--- WordNet output for effects --- =>個人資産 Overview of noun effects The noun effects has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1. effects, personal effects -- (property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; "she left some of her personal effects in the house"; "I watched over their effects until they returned") Overview of noun effect The noun effect has 6 senses (first 5 from tagged texts) 1. (101) consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot -- (a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event") 2. (11) impression, effect -- (an outward appearance; "he made a good impression"; "I wanted to create an impression of success"; "she retained that bold effect in her reproductions of the original painting") 3. (9) effect -- (an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect") 4. (2) effect, essence, burden, core, gist -- (the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work) 5. (1) effect, force -- ((of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect") 6. effect -- (a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic") Overview of verb effect The verb effect has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (17) effect, effectuate, set up -- (produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave") 2. (3) effect -- (act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change") --- WordNet end ---