ELIZA

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378430 occurrences (No.48 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

284) The authors compute the optimal allocation ratio between drug and placebo in the first stage for the TED and compare the operating characteristics of the design to the standard parallel clinical trial, placebo lead-in and randomized withdrawal designs.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:22143405 DOI:10.1177/0962280211431023

2015 Statistical methods in medical research

* A two-way enriched clinical trial design: combining advantages of placebo lead-in and randomized withdrawal.

- A new clinical trial design, designated the two-way enriched design (TED), is introduced, which augments the standard randomized placebo-controlled trial with second-stage enrichment designs in placebo non-responders and drug responders. The trial is run in two stages. In the first stage, patients are randomized between drug and placebo. In the second stage, placebo non-responders are re-randomized between drug and placebo and drug responders are re-randomized between drug and placebo. All first-stage data, and second-stage data from first-stage placebo non-responders and first-stage drug responders, are utilized in the efficacy analysis. The authors developed one, two and three degrees of freedom score tests for treatment effect in the TED and give formulae for asymptotic power and for sample size computations. The authors compute the optimal allocation ratio between drug and placebo in the first stage for the TED and compare the operating characteristics of the design to the standard parallel clinical trial, placebo lead-in and randomized withdrawal designs. Two motivating examples from different disease areas are presented to illustrate the possible design considerations.

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(1)32 time	(19)5 meaningful	(37)2 5	(55)2 marriage
(2)21 report	(20)4 line	(38)2 6	(56)2 meta-analysis
(3)11 and	(21)3 14	(39)2 72	(57)2 mitochondrial
(4)11 to	(22)3 3	(40)2 application	(58)2 months
(5)10 time,	(23)3 complete	(41)2 approach	(59)2 myocardial
(6)9 year	(24)3 described	(42)2 article	(60)2 postnatal
(7)8 2	(25)3 in	(43)2 attempt	(61)2 presented
(8)8 molar	(26)3 it	(44)2 choice	(62)2 relapse
(9)8 reported	(27)3 order	(45)2 clinical	(63)2 smear
(10)8 step	(28)3 postoperative	(46)2 component	(64)2 stage
(11)8 we	(29)3 record	(47)2 comprehensive	(65)2 step,
(12)7 case	(30)3 sequenced	(48)2 concern	(66)2 test
(13)6 determined	(31)3 the	(49)2 course	(67)2 that
(14)6 group	(32)3 treatment	(50)2 demonstration	(68)2 therapy
(15)6 study	(33)3 two	(51)2 few	(69)2 trimester
(16)5 dose	(34)3 was	(52)2 intentions	(70)2 trimester,
(17)5 evidence	(35)2 null	(53)2 introduction	(71)2 using
(18)5 generation	(36)2 30	(54)2 left

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--- WordNet output for first --- =>初めて, 最初の, 第一の, はじめに, 最初, 第1 Overview of noun first The noun first has 6 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (9) first, number one -- (the first or highest in an ordering or series; "He wanted to be the first") 2. (5) first, number one, number 1 -- (the first element in a countable series; "the first of the month") 3. (1) beginning, commencement, first, outset, get-go, start, kickoff, starting time, showtime, offset -- (the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her") 4. (1) first base, first -- (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed at first of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate)) 5. first, first-class honours degree -- (an honours degree of the highest class) 6. first gear, first, low gear, low -- (the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; used to start a car moving) Overview of adj first The adj first has 6 senses (first 5 from tagged texts) 1. (232) first -- (preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; "his first political race"; "her first baby"; "the first time"; "the first meetings of the new party"; "the first phase of his training") 2. (61) first, 1st -- (indicating the beginning unit in a series) 3. (4) inaugural, initiative, initiatory, first, maiden -- (serving to set in motion; "the magazine's inaugural issue"; "the initiative phase in the negotiations"; "an initiatory step toward a treaty"; "his first (or maiden) speech in Congress"; "the liner's maiden voyage") 4. (4) beginning, first -- (serving to begin; "the beginning canto of the poem"; "the first verse") 5. (3) first, foremost, world-class -- (ranking above all others; "was first in her class"; "the foremost figure among marine artists"; "the top graduate") 6. first -- (highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections; "first soprano"; "the first violin section"; "played first horn") Overview of adv first The adv first has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (58) first, firstly, foremost, first of all, first off -- (before anything else; "first we must consider the garter snake") 2. (40) first, for the first time -- (the initial time; "when Felix first saw a garter snake") 3. (9) first -- (before another in time, space, or importance; "I was here first"; "let's do this job first") 4. (4) foremost, first -- (prominently forward; "he put his best foot foremost") --- WordNet end ---