* Neuropsychological profile of duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited myogenic disorder characterized by progressive muscle wasting. DMD is a fatal X-linked recessive disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 3,500 male live births. This disease has long been associated with intellectual impairment. Research has shown that boys with DMD have variable intellectual performance, indicating the presence of specific cognitive deficits. The aim of the study was to use a battery of intelligence, learning, and memory tests to identify a neuropsychological profile in boys with DMD. A total of 22 boys diagnosed with DMD in the age range of 6 to 10 years old were evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and the Memory for Designs Test. The data were interpreted using means, standard deviations, percentages, and percentiles. Normative data were also used for further interpretation. The results showed that boys with DMD had a significantly lower IQ (88.5). Verbal IQ (86.59) was found to be lower than Performance IQ (92.64). There was evidence of impaired performance on the Processing Speed, Freedom From Distractibility, and Verbal Comprehension Indexes. Specific deficits in information processing, complex attention, immediate verbal memory span, verbal working memory, verbal comprehension, vocabulary, visuoconstruction ability, and verbal learning and encoding were observed. However, perceptional organization, general fund of information, abstract reasoning, visual discrimination and acuity, visual learning and memory, and verbal memory were adequate. The neuropsychological findings support the hypothesis that these children have specific cognitive deficits as opposed to a global intellectual deficit.
=>1.低くする/なる, 下げる/下がる, 卑しめる, 2.しかめっ面, 3.lowの比較級
Overview of noun lower
The noun lower has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts)
1. lower berth, lower -- (the lower of two berths)
Overview of verb lower
The verb lower has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (15) lower, take down, let down, get down, bring down -- (move something or somebody to a lower
position; "take down the vase from the shelf")
2. (6) lower, lour -- (set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations")
3. (1) turn down, lower, lour -- (make lower or quieter; "turn down the volume of a radio")
4. lower, depress -- (cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the
reservoir")
5. frown, glower, lour, lower -- (look angry or sullen, wrinkle one's forehead, as if to signal
disapproval)
Overview of adj low
The adj low has 10 senses (first 6 from tagged texts)
1. (55) low -- (less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is
low")
2. (23) low -- (literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward
extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low
bow")
3. (11) low, low-toned -- (very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf")
4. (6) low -- (unrefined in character; "low comedy")
5. (4) low, low-pitched -- (used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency)
6. (3) abject, low, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy -- (of the most contemptible kind; "abject
cowardice"; "a low stunt to pull"; "a low-down sneak"; "his miserable treatment of his family"; "You
miserable skunk!"; "a scummy rabble"; "a scurvy trick")
7. humble, low, lowly, modest, small -- (low or inferior in station or quality; "a humble cottage";
"a lowly parish priest"; "a modest man of the people"; "small beginnings")
8. depleted, low -- (no longer sufficient; "supplies are low"; "our funds are depleted")
9. broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated, low -- (subdued or brought low in condition or status;
"brought low"; "a broken man"; "his broken spirit")
10. gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down, downcast, downhearted, down in the mouth, low,
low-spirited -- (filled with melancholy and despondency ; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to
face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening
mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and
resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and
downhearted")
--- WordNet end ---