ELIZA cgi-bash version rev. 1.90
- Medical English LInking keywords finder for the PubMed Zipped Archive (ELIZA) -

return kwic search for research out of >500 occurrences
280501 occurrences (No.89 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found
22) Some rules that restrict individual autonomy can be justified on the grounds that they help to maximize the overall balance of benefits over risks in research.
--- ABSTRACT ---
PMID:23076346 DOI:10.1007/s10728-012-0233-0
2015 Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy
* Paternalism and utilitarianism in research with human participants.
- In this article I defend a rule utilitarian approach to paternalistic policies in research with human participants. Some rules that restrict individual autonomy can be justified on the grounds that they help to maximize the overall balance of benefits over risks in research. The consequences that should be considered when formulating policy include not only likely impacts on research participants, but also impacts on investigators, institutions, sponsors, and the scientific community. The public reaction to adverse events in research (such as significant injury to participants or death) is a crucial concern that must be taken into account when assessing the consequences of different policy options, because public backlash can lead to outcomes that have a negative impact on science, such as cuts in funding, overly restrictive regulation and oversight, and reduced willingness of individuals to participate in research. I argue that concern about the public reaction to adverse events justifies some restrictions on the risks that competent, adult volunteers can face in research that offers them no significant benefits. The paternalism defended here is not pure, because it involves restrictions on the rights of investigators in order to protect participants. It also has a mixed rationale, because individual autonomy may be restricted not only to protect participants from harm but also to protect other stakeholders. Utility is not the sole justification for paternalistic research policies, since other considerations, such as justice and respect for individual rights/autonomy, must also be taken into account.
--- ABSTRACT END ---
[
right
kwic]
[frequency of next (right) word to research]
(1)42 *null* (14)7 that (27)3 as (40)2 from
(2)40 on (15)6 by (28)3 directions (41)2 involving
(3)36 is (16)6 to (29)3 evidence (42)2 participants,
(4)27 and (17)5 projects (30)3 have (43)2 progress
(5)25 has (18)4 culture (31)3 method (44)2 sponsored
(6)14 in (19)4 design (32)3 results (45)2 the
(7)12 was (20)4 findings (33)3 shows (46)2 topic
(8)11 are (21)4 needs (34)3 study (47)2 towards
(9)11 should (22)4 project (35)3 will (48)2 trends
(10)9 into (23)4 questions (36)2 efforts (49)2 using
(11)9 with (24)4 regarding (37)2 examined (50)2 we
(12)8 studies (25)3 & (38)2 focus (51)2 work
(13)8 suggests (26)3 aimed (39)2 for

add keyword

--- WordNet output for research --- =>調査する, 研究(する), 探求, 調査, 捜索, 研究する Overview of noun research The noun research has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (46) research -- (systematic investigation to establish facts) 2. (6) inquiry, enquiry, research -- (a search for knowledge; "their pottery deserves more research than it has received") Overview of verb research The verb research has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (1) research -- (attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific manner; "The student researched the history of that word") 2. research, search, explore -- (inquire into; "the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project"; "He searched for information on his relatives on the web"; "Scientists are exploring the nature of consciousness") --- WordNet end ---