ELIZA

return kwic search for species out of >500 occurrences
321753 occurrences (No.65 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

366) In contrast, the smallest OBs were found in the majority of reef-associated species, including sharks from the families Carcharhinidae and Hemiscyllidae and dasyatid batoids.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:24435575 DOI:10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0

2015 Brain structure & function

* Not all sharks are "swimming noses": variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes.

- Olfaction is a universal modality by which all animals sample chemical stimuli from their environment. In cartilaginous fishes, olfaction is critical for various survival tasks including localizing prey, avoiding predators, and chemosensory communication with conspecifics. Little is known, however, about interspecific variation in olfactory capability in these fishes, or whether the relative importance of olfaction in relation to other sensory systems varies with regard to ecological factors, such as habitat and lifestyle. In this study, we have addressed these questions by directly examining interspecific variation in the size of the olfactory bulbs (OB), the region of the brain that receives the primary sensory projections from the olfactory nerve, in 58 species of cartilaginous fishes. Relative OB size was compared among species occupying different ecological niches. Our results show that the OBs maintain a substantial level of allometric independence from the rest of the brain across cartilaginous fishes and that OB size is highly variable among species. These findings are supported by phylogenetic generalized least-squares models, which show that this variability is correlated with ecological niche, particularly habitat. The relatively largest OBs were found in pelagic-coastal/oceanic sharks, especially migratory species such as Carcharodon carcharias and Galeocerdo cuvier. Deep-sea species also possess large OBs, suggesting a greater reliance on olfaction in habitats where vision may be compromised. In contrast, the smallest OBs were found in the majority of reef-associated species, including sharks from the families Carcharhinidae and Hemiscyllidae and dasyatid batoids. These results suggest that there is great variability in the degree to which these fishes rely on olfactory cues. The OBs have been widely used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capability in vertebrates, and we speculate that differences in olfactory capabilities may be the result of functional rather than phylogenetic adaptations.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

[
right
kwic]

[frequency of next (right) word to species]

(1)93 null	(11)7 but	(21)3 can	(31)2 for
(2)46 of	(12)7 with	(22)3 could	(32)2 found
(3)34 in	(13)6 identification	(23)3 differences	(33)2 generated
(4)31 and	(14)5 determination	(24)3 have	(34)2 identification,
(5)19 (ROS)	(15)5 that	(25)3 level	(35)2 including
(6)18 were	(16)4 as	(26)3 may	(36)2 phytotoxicity
(7)12 is	(17)4 or	(27)2 (ROS),	(37)2 rather
(8)10 are	(18)4 to	(28)2 (overall	(38)2 such
(9)9 from	(19)4 which	(29)2 M
(10)9 was	(20)3 AEJ-89	(30)2 along

add keyword

--- WordNet output for species --- =>人類, 種, 種類 Overview of noun species The noun species has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (27) species -- ((biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed) 2. (5) species -- (a specific kind of something; "a species of molecule"; "a species of villainy") Overview of noun specie The noun specie has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1. coinage, mintage, specie, metal money -- (coins collectively) --- WordNet end ---