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1099112 occurrences (No.1 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

13) Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms that may be involved in IFO-induced nephrotoxicity, including free radical generation and the possible role of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) versus N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in protection against this toxicity.

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PMID:23299189 DOI:10.1177/0748233712469649

2015 Toxicology and industrial health

* Protective effects of alpha lipoic acid versus N-acetylcysteine on ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity.

- Ifosfamide (IFO) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent for treating a variety of pediatric solid tumors. However, its use is limited due to its serious side effect on kidneys. The side-chain oxidation of IFO in renal tubular cells produces a reactive toxic metabolite that is believed to be responsible for its nephrotoxic effect. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms that may be involved in IFO-induced nephrotoxicity, including free radical generation and the possible role of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) versus N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in protection against this toxicity. Male albino rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline, IFO (50 mg/kg daily for 5 days), IFO + ALA (100 mg/kg daily for 8 days) and IFO + NAC (200 mg/kg daily for 8 days). Kidney malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and glutathione contents and serum biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis were determined. Both ALA and NAC markedly reduced the severity of renal dysfunction induced by IFO. NAC was more nephroprotective than ALA. This study suggests that oxidative stress is possibly involved in the IFO-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The study also suggests the potential therapeutic role for ALA and NAC against IFO-induced nephrotoxicity.

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(1)109 was	(16)6 used	(31)2 1	(46)2 investigates
(2)36 we	(17)5 included	(32)2 and	(47)2 it
(3)25 aimed	(18)5 showed	(33)2 as	(48)2 objective
(4)24 null	(19)5 subjects	(34)2 assessed	(49)2 participants
(5)15 the	(20)4 a	(35)2 compared	(50)2 period
(6)14 investigated	(21)4 also	(36)2 data	(51)2 provide
(7)14 is	(22)4 demonstrates	(37)2 demonstrated	(52)2 provided
(8)13 examined	(23)4 explored	(38)2 determined	(53)2 provides
(9)9 aims	(24)4 found	(39)2 evaluated	(54)2 recommends
(10)9 were	(25)4 on	(40)2 evaluates	(55)2 reveals
(11)8 of	(26)3 examines	(41)2 findings	(56)2 suggest
(12)8 suggests	(27)3 period,	(42)2 has	(57)2 three
(13)7 to	(28)3 population	(43)2 have
(14)6 in	(29)3 revealed	(44)2 highlighted
(15)6 may	(30)3 shows	(45)2 highlights

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--- WordNet output for study --- =>1.〜を勉強[研究]する, 学ぶ, 調べる, 2.調査, 勉強, 3.書斎, 勉強する Overview of noun study The noun study has 10 senses (first 8 from tagged texts) 1. (90) survey, study -- (a detailed critical inspection) 2. (17) study, work -- (applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design") 3. (6) report, study, written report -- (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale") 4. (6) study -- (a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study") 5. (6) study -- (a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study") 6. (3) discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwick -- (a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings") 7. (2) sketch, study -- (preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before starting to paint") 8. (1) cogitation, study -- (attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he rejected the offer") 9. study -- (someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study") 10. study -- (a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing") Overview of verb study The verb study has 6 senses (first 6 from tagged texts) 1. (73) analyze, analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas -- (consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives") 2. (17) study -- (be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning) 3. (15) study, consider -- (give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving") 4. (13) learn, study, read, take -- (be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar exam") 5. (5) study, hit the books -- (learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now") 6. (2) study, meditate, contemplate -- (think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study") --- WordNet end ---