ELIZA

return kwic search for used out of >500 occurrences
821596 occurrences (No.5 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

19) The tail-flick test was used to assess the nociceptive threshold.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:23943205 DOI:10.1007/s11418-013-0796-6

2015 Journal of natural medicines

* Satureja khuzestanica prevents the development of morphine analgesic tolerance through suppression of spinal glial cell activation in rats.

- Glial cell activation and oxidative stress are important factors in the induction of opioid side effects such as tolerance and dependence. It has been demonstrated that Satureja khuzistanica extract (SKE) has antioxidative, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its influences on opioid analgesic tolerance have not yet been clarified. Adult male Wistar rats were rendered analgesic-tolerant by injection of 10 mg/kg morphine twice daily for 8 days. To determine the effect of SKE on the development of morphine tolerance, different doses of SKE (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p.) were injected simultaneously with morphine. The tail-flick test was used to assess the nociceptive threshold. The lumbar spinal cord was assayed to determine glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels by the Western blotting method. Our results showed that chronic morphine produced tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine. However, SKE could prevent, in a dose-dependent manner, morphine tolerance development. In tolerant animals, a significant increase in GFAP and TNFα levels was observed in the lumbar spinal cord, and was reversed to control levels by 100 mg/kg SKE. Our data revealed that Satureja khuzistanica had beneficial effects in preventing opioid tolerance and the underlying mechanisms of those effects may be due, at least in part, to reduce spinal glial cell activation.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

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(1)154 to	(6)9 a	(11)3 with	(16)2 only
(2)83 in	(7)8 the	(12)2 at	(17)2 successfully
(3)49 for	(8)6 and	(13)2 during
(4)48 as	(9)4 by	(14)2 insecticides
(5)31 null	(10)4 data	(15)2 on

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--- WordNet output for used --- =>1.〜に慣れて, 2.用いられた, 中古の Overview of verb use The verb use has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (603) use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ -- (put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home"; "I can't use this tool"; "Apply a magnetic field here"; "This thinking was applied to many projects"; "How do you utilize this tool?"; "I apply this rule to get good results"; "use the plastic bags to store the food"; "He doesn't know how to use a computer") 2. (12) use, habituate -- (take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely") 3. (8) use, expend -- (use up, consume fully; "The legislature expended its time on school questions") 4. use -- (seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage; "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"; "The president's wife used her good connections") 5. practice, apply, use -- (avail oneself to; "apply a principle"; "practice a religion"; "use care when going down the stairs"; "use your common sense"; "practice non-violent resistance") 6. use -- (habitually do something (use only in the past tense); "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally"; "I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall"; "They used to vacation in the Bahamas") Overview of adj used The adj used has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) used -- (employed in accomplishing something; "the principle of surprise is the most used and misused of all the principles of war"- H.H.Arnold & I.C.Eaker) 2. (1) exploited, ill-used, put-upon, used, victimized, victimised -- (of persons; taken advantage of; "after going out of his way to help his friend get the job he felt not appreciated but used") 3. (1) secondhand, used -- (previously used or owned by another; "bought a secondhand (or used) car") --- WordNet end ---